Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, Chapter LXXVIII, Early Christian Writings, http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-dialoguetrypho.html
Origen, Against Celsus, I.51.
Daniel Smith, “What was the birth of Jesus like?”, Redeemer of Israel, December 24, 2020, http://www.redeemerofisrael.org/2016/12/what-was-birth-of-jesus-like.html
James Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. (New York: Scribner, 1909), III, p. 234.
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews; The Wars of the Jews.
Writers of Christianity.com, “Was Jesus Born in a Cave?”, Christianity.com, September 9, 2010, https://www.christianity.com/jesus/birth-of-jesus/bethlehem/was-jesus-born-in-a-cave.html
Eusebius, The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine, III.42.
Leland M. Roth, Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning, 1st ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 278, 282.
Antara Bate, “Church of the Nativity,” HistoryHit, June 18, 2021, https://www.historyhit.com/locations/church-of-the-nativity/
Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 (Oxford Archaeological Guides, 5th ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 229–237.
Bate, “Church of the Nativity.”
Samuel Fallows, ed., The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopedia and Scriptural Dictionary, Vol. 2 (Chicago: The Howard-Severance Co., 1907), p. 1121.
Luke 1:1,2. It is a popular belief among many scholars and historians throughout the centuries that the “eyewitnesses” Luke refers to in Luke 1:2 include Mary, the mother of Jesus.
Rebecca J. Brimmer, Rev., “The Bible Through the Lens of the Land,” Bridges for Peace, https://www.bridgesforpeace.com/letter/the-bible-through-the-lens-of-the-land/