Сноски

1

AARP – Американская ассоциация пенсионеров (прим. перев.).

2

Теория, или модель, оптимального поиска пищи (OFT) была создана для количественного прогнозирования оптимальных методов поиска и сбора пищи у разных видов живых существ в зависимости от их типологии. Она создана несколькими группами исследователей и использует математический аппарат для сравнительной оценки. В дальнейшем авторы предпочитают называть ее моделью MVT (аббревиатура от «теоремы критической пользы» Э. Чарнова) – (прим. перев.).

3

W. C. Clapp and A. Gazzaley, “Distinct Mechanisms for the Impact of Distraction and Interruption on Working Memory in Aging,” Neurobiology of Aging 33, no. 1 (2012): 134–148.

4

M. A. Killingsworth and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science, 330, no. 6006 (2010): 932.

5

F. Coolidge and T. Wynn, “Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, no. 2 (2001): 255–260; M. Tomasello and E. Herrmann, “Ape and Human Cognition: What’s the Difference?” Current Directions in Psychological Science 19 (2010): 3–8.

6

S. Inoue and T. Matsuzawa, “Working Memory of Numerals in Chimpanzees,” Current Biology 17, no. 23 (2007): R1004–R1005; N. Kawai and T. Matsuzawa, “Numerical Memory Span in a Chimpanzee,” Nature 403, no. 6765 (2000): 39–40; M. J.-M. Mace, G. Richard, A. Delorme, and M. Fabre-Thorpe, “Rapid Categorization of Natural Scenes in Monkeys: Target Predictability and Processing Speed,” NeuroReport 16, no. 4 (2005): 349–354; S. F. Sands and A. A. Wright, “Monkey and Human Pictorial Memory Scanning,” Science 216, no. 4552 (1982): 1333–1334.

7

M. Anderson, Technology Device Ownership: 2015, Pew Research Center report, retrieved on March 2, 2016, from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2015/10/PI_2015-10-29_device-ownership_FINAL.pdf; Pew Research Center, U.S. Smartphone Use in 2015, retrieved on March 2, 2016, from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2015/03/PI_Smartphones_0401151.pdf.

8

“Global Mobile Statistics 2012, Part A: Mobile Subscribers, Handset Market Share, Mobile Operators,” mobithinking.com, December 2012, http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketingtools/latest-mobile-stats.

9

L. M. Carrier, N. A. Cheever, L. D. Rosen, S. Benitez, and J. Chang, “Multitasking across Generations: Multitasking Choices and Difficulty Ratings in Three Generations of Americans,” Computers in Human Behavior 25 (2009): 483–489.

10

J. Q. Anderson and L. Rainie, Millennials Will Benefit and Suffer due to Their Hyperconnected Lives, PEW Internet and American Life Project, 2012, http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2012/PIP_Future_of_Internet_2012_Young_brains_PDF.pdf; Carrier, Cheever, Rosen, Benitez, and Chang, “Multitasking across Generations”; U. G. Foehr, Media Multitasking among American Youth: Prevalence, Predictors, and Pairings: Report (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006), http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7592.pdf; S. A. Brasel and J. Gips, “Media Multitasking Behavior: Concurrent Television and Computer Usage,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14, no. 9 (2011): 527–534; S. Kessler, “38 % of College Students Can’t Go 10 Minutes without Tech [STATS],” Mashable Tech, 2011, http://mashable.com/2011/05/31/college-tech-device-stats/.

11

T. Ahonen, “Main Trends in the Telecommunications Market,” presentation at MoMo mobile conference, Kiev, Ukraine, http://www.citia.co.uk/content/files/50_44-887.pdf; “Anxiety UK Study Finds Technology Can Increase Anxiety,” AnxietyUK.org, July 9, 2012, http://www.anxietyuk.org.uk/2012/07/for-some-with-anxiety-technology-can-increase-anxiety/; Lockout Mobile Security, “Mobile Mindset Study” (2012), https://www.mylookout.com/downloads/lookout-mobile-mindset-2012.pdf.

12

Harris Interactive, “Americans Work on Their Vacation: Half of Those Vacationing Will Work on Their Vacation, Including Checking Emails, Voicemails, and Taking Calls,” July 28, 2011, http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/843/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/Default.aspx.

13

Y. Hwang, H. Kim, and S. H. Jeong, “Why Do Media Users Multitask? Motives for General, Medium-Specific, and Content-Specific Types of Multitasking,” Computers in Human Behavior 36 (2014): 542–548; S. Chinchanachokchai, B. R. Duff, and S. Sar, “The Effect of Multitasking on Time Perception, Enjoyment, and Ad Evaluation,” Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015): 185–191.

14

L. Yeykelis, J. J. Cummings, and B. Reeves, “Multitasking on a Single Device: Arousal and the Frequency, Anticipation, and Prediction of Switching between Media Content on a Computer,” Journal of Communication 64, no. 1 (2014): 167–192.

15

B. C. Wittmann, N. Bunzeck, R. J. Dolan, and E. Duzel, “Anticipation of Novelty Recruits Reward System and Hippocampus While Promoting Recollection,” NeuroImage 38, no. 1 (2007): 194–202.

16

O. Hikosaka, S. Yamamoto, M. Yasuda, and H. F. Kim, “Why Skill Matters,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, no. 9 (2013): 434–441.

17

T. T. Hills, “Animal Foraging and the Evolution of Goal-Directed Cognition,” Cognitive Science 30, no. 1 (2006): 3–41.

18

R. A. Wise, “Dopamine, Learning, and Motivation,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 6 (2004): 483–494; M. van Schouwenburg, E. Aarts, and R. Cools, “Dopaminergic Modulation of Cognitive Control: Distinct Roles for the Prefrontal Cortex and the Basal Ganglia,” Current Pharmaceutical Design 16, no. 18 (2010): 2026–2032; M. Wang, S. Vijayraghavan, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic, “Selective D2 Receptor Actions on the Functional Circuitry of Working Memory,” Science 303 (2004): 853–856; M. Watanabe, T. Kodama, and K. Hikosaka, “Increase of Extracellular Dopamine in Primate Prefrontal Cortex During a Working Memory Task,” Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 5 (1997): 2795–2798.

19

E. S. Bromberg-Martin and O. Hikosaka, “Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Signal Preference for Advance Information about Upcoming Rewards,” Neuron 63, no. 1 (2009): 119–126.

20

T. T. Hills, “Animal Foraging.”

21

P. Pirolli and S. Card, “Information Foraging,” Psychological Review 106, no. 4 (1999): 643.

22

E. L. Charnov, “Optimal Foraging: The Marginal Value Theorem,” Theoretical Population Biology 9, no. 2 (1976): 129–136.

23

M. H. Cassini, A. Kacelnik, and E. T. Segura, “The Tale of the Screaming Hairy Armadillo, the Guinea Pig, and the Marginal Value Theorem,” Animal Behavior 39, no. 6 (1990: 1030–1050; R. J. Cowie, “Optimal Foraging in the Great Tits (Parus Major),” Nature 268 (1977): 137–139.

24

Pirolli and Card, “Information Foraging”; T. Hills, P. M. Todd, and R. L. Goldstone, “Priming and Conservation between Spatial and Cognitive Search,” in Proceedings of the 29th Annual Cognitive Science Society (Austin: Cognitive Science Society, 2007), 359–364; P. E. Sandstrom, “An Optimal Foraging Approach to Information Seeking and Use,” Library Quarterly (1994): 414–449; M. Dwairy, A. C. Dowell, and J. C. Stahl, “The Application of Foraging Theory to the Information Searching Behavior of General Practitioners,” BMC Family Practice, 12, no. 1 (2011): 90.

25

R. Marois and J. Ivanoff, “Capacity Limits of Information Processing in the Brain,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, no. 6 (2005): 296–305.

26

J. M. Fuster, “Upper Processing Stages of the Perception-Action Cycle,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 4 (2004): 143–145.

27

Термин «цикл восприятия/действия» был введен и популяризован Хоакином Фустером, но концепция Упоминалась несколькими другими учеными, начиная с 1950 года. See J. M. Fuster, The Prefrontal Cortex, 2nd ed. (New York: Raven Press, 1989); J. M. Fuster, Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

28

Подколенный рефлекс можно точнее описать как рефлекс ощущения/действия, так как головной мозг не принимает участия в процессе.

29

F. L. Coolidge and T. Wynn, “Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens,” Cambridge Archeological Journal 11, no. 2 (2001): 255–260.

30

N. J. Emery and N. S. Clayton, “The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes,” Science 306, no. 5703 (2004): 1903–1907.

31

Quoted material in this paragraph is from Charles Sabine, “Senses Helped Animals Survive the Tsunami,” NBC News with Brian Williams, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6795562/ns/nbc_nightly_news_with_brian_williams/t/senses-helped-animals-survive-tsunami.

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