Перевод Б. Пастернака. – Прим. пер.
Перевод М. Зенкевича. – Прим. пер.
Деннет Д.С. Виды психики: на пути к пониманию сознания. – М., 1994. – Прим. ред.
Хотя дети начинают говорить о будущем в возрасте около двух лет, они не вполне понимают, что это такое, пока не достигнут четырех. См.: Povinelli D.G., Simon B.B. Young Children’s Understanding of Briefly Versus Extremely Delayed Images of the Self: Emergence of the Autobiographical Stance // Developmental Psychology 34:188–94, 1998; Nelson K. Finding One’s Self in Time // The Self Across Psychology: Self-Recognition, Self-Awareness, and the Self Concept, eds. J.G. Snodgrass and R.L. Thompson. – New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1997. P. 103–116. – Прим. авт.
Финеас действительно возил за собой лом, куда бы ни ехал, и был бы, наверное, доволен тем, что и лом этот, и его череп обрели пристанище на постоянной выставке в Гарвардском анатомическом музее. – Прим. авт.
Современные авторы считают случай Гейджа доказательством важности лобной доли, хотя в те времена, когда это произошло, о нем думали иначе. См.: Macmillan M.B. A Wonderful Journey Through Skull and Brains: The Travels of Mr. Gage’s Tamping Iron // Brain and Cognition 5: 67–107, 1986. – Прим. авт.
Поскольку речь зашла об ударах током, самое время объяснить, что подобные психологические эксперименты всегда проводятся в строгом согласии с этическими правилами, установленными Американской психологической ассоциацией и должны быть одобрены университетским комитетом до осуществления. Добровольцев в обязательном порядке предупреждают о любой опасности, которая способна угрожать их здоровью и чувствам, и они имеют возможность прервать эксперимент, когда пожелают, не боясь никаких взысканий. Если в целях эксперимента им дают какую-то ложную информацию, по окончании исследования обязательно говорят правду. Короче говоря, на самом деле все мы очень хорошие люди. – Прим. авт.
В примечаниях содержатся ссылки на научные труды, подтверждающие высказанные мною мысли. Если вас не интересуют источники и раздражает необходимость постоянно заглядывать в конец книги, тогда не сомневайтесь: единственное важное примечание – то, которое вы сейчас читаете.
Roberts W.A. Are Animals Suck in Time? // Psychological Bulletin, 128: 473–89 (2002).
Haith M.M. The Development of Future Thinking as Essential for the Emergence of Skill in Planning // The Developmental Psychology of Planning: Why, How, and When Do We Plan? eds. S. L. Friedman, E.K. Scholnick. – Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997. P. 25–42.
Bates E., Elman J., Li P. Language In, On, and About Time // The Development of Future Oriented Processes, eds. M. M. Haith et al. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Hood B.M. et al. Gravity Biases in a Nonhuman Primate? // Developmental Science 2:35–41, 1999. См. также: Washburn D.A., Rumbaugh D.M. Comparative Assessment of Psychomotor Performance: Target Prediction by Humans and Macaques (Macaca mulatta) // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 121: 305–12, 1992.
Oakes L.M., Cohen L.B. Infant Perception of a Causal Event // Cognitive Development 5:193–207, 1997. См. также: Wentworth N., Haith M.M. Event-Specific Expectations of 2– and 3-Month-Old Infants // Development Psychology 28:842–50, 1992.
Atance C.M., O’Neill D.K. Planning in 3-Year-Olds: A Reflection of Future Self? // The Self in Time: Developmental Perspectives, eds. C. Moore and K. Lemmon. – Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001. См. также: Benson J.B. The Development of Planning: It’s About Time // Friedman and Scholnick, Developmental Psychology of Planning.
Banyas C.A. Evolution and Phylogenetic History of the Frontal Lobes // The Human Frontal Lobes, eds. B.L. Miller and J.L. Cummings. – New York: Guilford Press, 1999. P. 83–106.
Macmillan M.B. Phineas Gage’s Contribution to Brain Surgery // Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 5: 56–77, 1996.
Weingarten S.M. Psychosurgery // Miller and Cummings, Human Frontal Lobes, 446–460.
Weinberger D.R. et al. Neural Mechanisms of Future-Oriented Processes // Haith et al, Future Oriented Processes, 221–42.
Fuster J.M. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. – New York: Lippincott-Raven, 1997. P. 160–161.
MacLeod A.K., Cropley M.L. Anxiety, Depression, and the Anticipation of Future Positive and Negative Experiences // Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105: 286–89, 1996.
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Fuster J.M. Cognitive Functions of Frontal Lobes // Miller and Cummings, Human Frontal Lobes, 187–195.
Tulving E. Memory and Consciousness // Canadian Psychology 26: 1–12, 1985. Тот же самый случай описан более подробно под псевдонимом K.C. в: Tulving E. et al. Priming of Semantic Autobiographical Knowledge: A Case Study of Retrograde Amnesia // Brain and Cognition 8: 3–20, 1988.
Там же.
Dass R. Be Here Now. – New York: Crown, 1971.
Jason L.A. et al. Time Orientation: Past, Present, and Future Perceptions // Psychological Reports 64: 1199–1205, 1989.
Klinger E., Cox W.M. Dimensions of Thought Flow in Everyday Life // Imagination, Cognition, and Personality 72: 105–28, 1987–1988; Klinger E. On Living Tomorrow Today: The Quality of Inner Life as a Function of Goal Expectations // Psychology of Future Orientation, ed. Z. Zaleski. – Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 1994.
Singer J.L. Daydreaming and Fantasy. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981; Klinger E. Daydreaming: Using Waking Fantasy and Imagery for Self-Knowledge and Creativity. – Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1990; Oettingen G. Psychologie des Zukunftdenkens (On the Psychology of Future Thought). – Goettingen, Germany: Hogrefe, 1997.
Loewenstein G.F., Prelec D. Preferences for Sequences of Outcomes // Psychological Review 100: 91–108, 1993. См. также: Loewenstein G. Anticipation and the Valuation of Delayed Consumption // Economy Journal 97: 664–684, 1987; Elster J., Loewenstein G. Utility from Memory and Anticipation // Choice Over Time, eds. G.F. Loewenstein and J. Elster. – New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992. P. 213–234.
Oettingen G., Mayer D. The Motivating Function of Thinking About Future: Expectations Versus Fantasies // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 1198–1212, 2002.
Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: A Heuristic for Judgment Frequency and Probability // Cognitive Psychology 5: 207–232, 1973.
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Brickman P., Coates D., Janoff-Bulman R.G. Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 917–27, 1978.
Chang E.C., Asakawa K., Sanna L.J. Cultural Variations in Optimistic Pessimistic Bias: Do Easterners Really Expect the Worst and Westerners Really Expect the Best When Predicting Future Life Events? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81: 476–91, 2001.
Burger J.M., Palmer M.L. Changes in and Generalization of Unrealistic Optimism Following Experiences with Stressful Events: Reactions to the 1989 California Earthquake // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18: 39–43, 1992.
Stiegelis H.E. et al. Cognitive Adaptation: A Comparison of Cancer and Healthy References // British Journal of Health Psychology 8:303–18, 2003.
Arntz A., Van Eck M., de Jong P.J. Unpredictable Sudden Increases in Intensity of Pain and Acquired Fear // Journal of Psychology 6: 54–64, 1992.
Miceli M., Castelfranchi C. The Mind and the Future: The (Negative) Power of Expectations // Theory and Psychology 12: 335–66, 2002.
Norem J.N. Pessimism: Accentuating the Positive Possibilities // Virtue, Vice, and Personality: The Complexity of Behavior, eds. E.C. Chang and L.J. Sanna. – Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2003. P. 91–104; Norem J.K., Cantor N. Defensive Pessimism: Harnessing Anxiety as Motivation // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 1208–17, 1986.
Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change // Psychological Review 84: 191–215, 1977; Self-Efficacy: Mechanism in Human Agency // American Psychologist 37: 122–47, 1982.
Seligman M.E.P. Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death. – San Francisco: Freeman, 1975.
Langer E., Rodin J. The Effect of Choice and Enhanced Personal Responsibility for the Aged: A Field Experiment in an Institutional Setting // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34: 191–98, 1976; Rodin J., Langer E.J. Long-Term Effects of a Control-Relevant Intervention with the Institutional Aged // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35: 897–902, 1977.
Schulz R., Hanusa B.H. Long-Term Effects of Control and Predictability-Enhancing Interventions: Findings and Ethical Issues // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 1202–12, 1978.
Langer E.J. The Illusion of Control // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 311–28, 1975.
Там же.
Dunn D.S., Wilson T.D. When the Stakes Are High: A Limit to the Illusion of Control Effect // Social Cognition 8: 305–323, 1991.
Strickland L.H., Lewicki R.J., Katz A.M. Temporal Orientation and Perceived Control as Determinants of Risk Taking // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2: 143–51, 1966.
Dunn D.S., Wilson T.D. When the Stakes Are High: A Limit to the Illusion of Control Effect // Social Cognition 8: 305–323, 1991.
Gollin S. et al. The Illusion of Control Among Depressed Patients // Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88: 454–57, 1979.
Alloy L.B., Abramson L.Y. Judgment of Contingency in Depressed and Nondepressed Students: Sadder but Wiser? // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108: 441–85 (1979. Противоположный взгляд см.: Dunning D., Story A.L. Depression, Realism and the Overconfidence Effect: Are the Sadder Wiser When Predicting Future Actions and Events? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 521–32, 1991; Msetfi R.M. et al. Depressive Realism and Outcome Density Bias in Contingency Judgments: The Effect of Context and Intertrial Interval // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134: 10–22, 2005.
Taylor S.E., Brown J.D. Illusion and Well-Being: A Social-Psychological Perspective on Mental Health // Psychological Bulletin 103: 193–210, 1988.