Преппер, от английского «prepare» – готовиться. Препперы – термин, которым в США называют людей, готовящихся к разного рода катастрофам (Прим. пер.).
Здесь и далее – примечания переводчика обозначены звездочкой и располагаются внизу страницы, примечания автора – цифрами и представлены в разделе «Примечания» (Прим. ред.).
Выживальщики (субкультура) – движение, объединяющее людей, которые активно готовятся к таким ожидаемым ими чрезвычайным ситуациям, как: стихийные бедствия; техногенные катастрофы; кризисы, связанные с отключением электричества, дефицитом продуктов питания, воды и т. п.; эпидемии; или к ещё более катастрофическим событиям, таким, как: война (в том числе ядерная), столкновение крупного небесного тела с Землей, извержение супервулкана и последующая многолетняя вулканическая зима, глобальное потепление, зомби-апокалипсис, которые, по мнению выживальщиков, могут положить конец существованию человеческой цивилизации и к которым нужно готовиться заранее (Прим. пер.).
Археологическим проектом Фурни руководили доктор Георгий Кутсуфлакис из Эфората подводных древностей (Греческое агентство морской археологии) и доктор Питер Кэмпбелл из Университета Крэнфилда в Англии, и я благодарен за то, что меня пригласили принять участие в данном проекте.
Джон Кэбот исследовал побережье Ньюфаундленда в 1497 году, а Жуан Фернандеш Лаврадор нанес на карту прибрежные районы Лабрадора в 1499 году, но не основал поселений.
Christopher Begley, “I Study Collapsed Civilizations. Here Is My Advice for a Climate Change Apocalypse,” Lexington Herald-Leader, September 23, 2019, www.kentucky.com/opinion/op-ed/article235384162.html/.
Emma Gause, “A Critique: Jared Diamond’s Collapse Put in Perspective.” Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 24, no. 1 (2014): Art. 16, https://doi.org/10.5334/pia.467.
Very good examples include Guy D. Middleton, Understanding Collapse: Ancient History and Modern Myths (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017), and eds. Patricia A. McAnany and Norman Yoffee, Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
The volume of archaeological publications dedicated to the concept of collapse, or to particular events labeled “collapses” is enormous. Readers who want to explore this issue further might start with the following publications that have been among the most informative for me:
Ronald K. Faulseit, ed., Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016); Patricia A. McAnany and Norman Yoffee, eds., Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire (Carbondale: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Glenn M. Schwartz, and John J. Nichols, eds., After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2006); and Joseph A. Tainter, The Collapse of Complex Societies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
Philip P. Betancourt, “The Aegean and the Origins of the Sea Peoples,” in The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, ed. E. D. Oren (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000); John J. Janusek, “Collapse as Cultural Revolution: Power and Identity in the Tiwanaku to Pacajes Transition,” in The Foundations of Power in the Prehispanic Andes, Archaeological Papers No. 14, eds. K. J. Vaughn, D. E. Ogburn, and C. A. Conlee (Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, 2004), 175–209.
This notion of our explanations of the past intersecting with contemporary concerns has been voiced by archaeologists for decades, for example in Richard R. Wilk, “The Ancient Maya and the Political Present,” Journal of Anthropological Research 41 (1985): 307–326.
Guy D. Middleton, “Nothing Lasts Forever: Environmental Discourses on the Collapse of Past Societies,” Journal of Archaeological Research 20 (2012): 257–307.
Joel W. Palka, “Ancient Maya Defensive Barricades, Warfare, and Site Abandonment,” Latin American Antiquity 12, no. 4 (December 2001): 427–430; C. Hernandez, “Defensive Barricades of the Maya,” in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, ed. H. Selin (Dordrecht: Springer, 2014), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_10086-1; Takeshi Inomata, “The Last Day of a Fortified Classic Maya Center: Archaeological Investigations at Aguateca, Guatemala,” Ancient Mesoamerica 8, no. 2 (1997): 337–351.
Christopher Begley. “Ancient Mosquito Coast: Why Only Certain Material Culture Was Adopted from Outsiders,” in Southeastern Mesoamerica: Indigenous Interaction, Resilience, and Change, ed. Whitney A. Goodwin et al. (Louisville: University Press of Colorado, 2021), 157–178.
Scott Hutson et al., “A Historical Processual Approach to Continuity and Change in Classic and Postclassic Yucatan,” in Beyond Collapse: Archaeological Perspectives on Resilience, Revitalization, and Transformation in Complex Societies, ed. Ronald K. Faulseit (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2016), 287–19.
H. J. Spinden, “The Population of Ancient America,” Geographical Review 18, no. 4 (1928): 641–660, https://doi.org/10.2307/207952.Notes to Chapter 1 251.
Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking Press, 2005).
Some examples include Justine Shaw, “Climate Change and Deforestation: Implications for the Maya Collapse,” Ancient Mesoamerica 14 (2003): 157–167 and Elliot M. Abrams and David J. Rue, “The Causes and Consequences of Deforestation Among the Prehistoric Maya,” Human Ecology 16 (1988): 377–395.
Cameron L. McNeil, David A. Burney, and Lida Pigott Burney, “Evidence Disputing Deforestation as the Cause for the Collapse of the Ancient Maya Polity of Copan, Honduras.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 3 (2010): 1017–1022; Richard E. W. Adams, “The Collapse of Maya Civilization: A Review of Preview Theories,” in The Classic Maya Collapse, ed. T. Patrick Culbert (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973), 21–34.
One excellent critique of several books about societal collapse is Joseph Tainter, “Collapse, Sustainability, and the Environment: How Authors Choose to Fail or Succeed,” Reviews in Anthropology 37, no. 4 (2008): 342–371, https://doi.org/10.1080/00938150802398677/.
Nick Romeo, “How Archaeologists Discovered 23 Shipwrecks in 22 Days,” National Geographic, July 11, 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/greece-shipwrecks-discovery-fourni-ancient-diving-archaeology.
Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 vols. (London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776).
Readers who want to explore further the decline of the Western Roman Empire might want to look at the following texts that influenced my understanding of this era, including Simon Esmonde Cleary, The Roman West, AD 200–500: An Archaeological Study (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013); Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Stephen Mitchell, A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641 (Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2014); and Chris Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Ainit Snir et al., “The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming,” PLOS ONE 10 no. 7 (2015): e0131422, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131422.
John R. Swanton, The Indian Tribes of North America, Bulletin 145 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1952).
William Denevan, ed., The Native Population of the Americas in 1492 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976).
Chris Brierley et al., “Earth System Impacts of the European Arrival and Great Dying in the Americas After 1492,” Quaternary Science Reviews 207 (March 2019): 13–36.
A. Gwynn Henderson, “Dispelling the Myth: Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Indian Life in Kentucky,” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 90, no. 1 (1992): 1–25.
Michael Wilcox, The Pueblo Revolt: An Indigenous Archaeology of Contact (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).
Gerald Horne. “The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism,” Monthly Review 69, no. 11 (2018): 1–22; Gerald Horne, The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in Seventeenth-Century North America and the Caribbean (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2018).
Adam Nemett, We Can Save Us All (Los Angeles: Unnamed Press, 2018).
Adam Nemett writes in depth about our experience at the survival expo in Adam Nemett, “Journal of a Progressive Prepper: What Happens When a Homesteading Experiment Collides with a Global Pandemic?” Rolling Stone, June 2021, www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/pandemic-prepper-homesteader-journal-1167658/.
James J. Aimers, “What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands,” Journal of Archaeological Research 15, no. 4 (2007): 329–377.
Lori E. Wright and Christine D. White, “Human Biology in the Classic Maya Collapse: Evidence from Paleopathology and Paleodiet,” Journal of World Prehistory 10, no. 2 (1996): 147–198, www.jstor.org/stable/25801093.
Marie Charlotte Arnauld, Chloé Andrieu, and Mélanie Forné, “‘In the Days of My Life’: Elite Activity and Interactions in the Maya Lowlands from Classic to Early Postclassic Times (The Long Ninth Century, AD 760–920),” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 103 (2017): 41–96, www.jstor.org/stable/26606790.
Many articles discuss the post-collapse Maya world, but I returned to these: T. Kam Manahan and Marcello A. Canuto, “Bracketing the Copan Dynasty: Late Preclassic and Early Postclassic Settlements at Copan, Honduras.” Latin American Antiquity 20, no. 4 (2009): 553–580 and Diane Z. Chase and Arlen F. Chase, “Framing the Maya Collapse: Continuity, Discontinuity, and Practice in the Classic to Postclassic Southern Maya Lowlands,” in After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies, ed. Glenn M. Schwartz and John J. Nichols (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006).
Takeshi Inomata et al., “High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating of Political Collapse and Dynastic Origins at the Maya Site of Ceibal, Guatemala,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114, no. 6 (2017): 293–298, https://doi.org/10.2307 /26479210.
Peter M. J. Douglas et al., “Drought, Agricultural Adaptation, and Sociopolitical Collapse in the Maya Lowlands,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 18 (2015): 5607–5612.
Claire E. Ebert et al., “The Role of Diet in Resilience and Vulnerability to Climate Change Among Early Agricultural Communities in the Maya Lowlands,” Current Anthropology 60, no. 4 (August 2019): 589–601.
Geoffrey E. Braswell, The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003).
James W. Webster et al., “Stalagmite Evidence from Belize Indicating Significant Droughts at the Time of Preclassic Abandonment, the Maya Hiatus, and the Classic Maya Collapse,” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 250, nos. 1–4 (2007): 1–17.
Sabin Roman, Erika Palmer, and Markus Brede, “The Dynamics of Human – Environment Interactions in the Collapse of the Classic Maya,” Ecological Economics 146 (2018): 312–324, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800917305578.
Gyles Iannone, ed., The Great Maya Droughts in Cultural Context: Case Studies in Resilience and Vulnerability (Louisville: University Press of Colorado, 2014).
Patricia McAnany and Tomas Gallareta Negron, “Bellicose Rulers and Climatological Peril?: Retrofitting Twenty-First-Century Woes on Eighth-Century Maya Society,” in Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire, eds. Patricia McAnany and Norman Yoffee, 142–175 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
James Aimers and David Hodell, “Societal Collapse: Drought and the Maya,” Nature 479 (2011): 44–45, https://doi.org/10.1038/479044a.
Good articles that summarize and critique theories of collapse include Marilyn A. Masson, “Maya Collapse Cycles,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 45 (2012): 18237–18238 and B. L. Turner and Jeremy A. Sabloff, “Classic Period Collapse of the Central Maya Lowlands: Insights about HumanEnvironment Relationships for Sustainability,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 35 (2012): 13908–13914.
The focus on systemic collapse, rather than some particular cause, has deep roots in archaeology. Publications from the 1970s came to similar conclusions, including T. Patrick Culbert, ed., The Classic Maya Collapse. School of American Research Books. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973).
Mantha Zarmakoupi, “Hellenistic & Roman Delos: The City & Its Emporion,” Archaeological Reports 61 (2015): 115–132, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0570608415000125.
Livio C. Stecchini, “The Historical Problem of the Fall of Rome,” Journal of General Education 5, no. 1 (1950): 57–61.
Jennifer Manley, “Measles and Ancient Plagues: A Note on New Scientific Evidence,” The Classical World 107, no. 3 (2014): 393–397.
Jason Daley, “Lessons in the Decline of Democracy from the Ruined Roman Republic,” Smithsonian, November 6, 2018, https://getpocket.com/explore/item/lessons-in-the-decline-of-democracy-from-the-ruined-roman-republic.
Jerald T. Milanich and Charles Hudson, Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993).
Cameron B. Wesson, “De Soto (Probably) Never Slept Here: Archaeology, Memory, Myth, and Social Identity,” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 16, no. 2 (2012): 418–435.
John E. Worth et al., “The Discovery and Exploration of Tristán de Luna y Arellano’s 1559–1561 Settlement on Pensacola Bay,” Historical Archaeology 54, no. 2 (2020): 472–501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-020-00240-w.
Paul E. Hoffman, “Did Coosa Decline Between 1541 and 1560?” The Florida Anthropologist 50, no. 1 (March 1997).
Paul Kelton, “Avoiding the Smallpox Spirits: Colonial Epidemics and Southeastern Indian Survival,” Ethnohistory 51, no. 1 (Winter 2004).
Marvin T. Smith, “Understanding the Protohistoric Period in the Southeast,” Revista de Archaeologia Americana no. 23, Arqueologia Historica (2005): 215–229.
Brenda J. Baker et al., “The Origin and Antiquity of Syphilis: Paleopathological Diagnosis and Interpretation [and Comments and Reply],” Current Anthropology 29, no. 5 (1988): 703–737.
Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2003); William M. Denevan, “Introduction,” in The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, ed. William M. Denevan (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), 1–12; Henry F. Dobyns, “Disease Transfer at Contact,” Annual Review of Anthropology 22 (1993): 273–291; and Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian, “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 2 (2010): 163–188.
A. Gwynn Henderson and David Pollack, “Chapter 17: Kentucky,” in Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1, ed. Daniel S. Murphree (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2012), 393–440.
Henderson and Pollack, “Kentucky,” 415.
“Malaria in Kentucky: Prevalence and Geographic Distribution,” Public Health Reports (1896–1970) 32, no. 31 (1917): 1215–1221, www.jstor.org/stable/4574589.
An entire edited volume is dedicated to just this type of contextualization. See Geoffrey E. Braswell, ed., The Maya and Their Central American Neighbors: Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Hieroglyphic Texts, and Ceramics (New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2014).