Jon Cohen, "What now for human genome editing?," Science 362, (2018): 1090–1092. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/1090.
CRISPR (от англ. clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats – «короткие палиндромные повторы, регулярно расположенные группами») – особые локусы бактерий и архей, состоящие из прямых повторяющихся последовательностей, которые разделены уникальными последовательностями (спейсерами). Спейсеры заимствуются из чужеродных генетических элементов, с которыми сталкивалась клетка (бактериофагов, плазмид). – Прим. ред.
Antonio Regalado, "Exclusive: Chinese scientists are creating CRISPR babies," MIT Technology Review, November 25, 2018, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612458/exclusive-chinese-scientists-are-creating-crispr-babies/.
Marilynn Marchione, "Chinese researcher claims first gene-edited babies," Associated Press, November 26, 2018, https://www.apnews.com/4997bb7aa36c45449b488e19ac83e86d.
Sui-Lee Wee, "Chinese Scientist Who Genetically Edited Babies Gets 3 Years in Prison," The New York Times December 31, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/china-scientist-genetic-baby-prison.html.
"The era of human gene-editing may have begun. Why that is worrying," The Economist, December 1, 2018, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/12/01/the-era-of-human-gene-editing-may-have-begun-why-that-is-worrying.
Elizabeth Pennisi, "The CRISPR Craze," Science 341, (2013): 833–836, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/341/6148/833.
"Editing Humanity," The Economist, August 22, 2015, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/08/22/editing-humanity.
Fraser Nelson, "The return of eugenics," The Spectator, April 2016, https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-return-of-eugenics.
Antonio Regalado, "Who Owns the Biggest Biotech Discovery of the Century?," MIT Technology Review, December 4, 2014, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/.
Amy Maxmen, "The Genesis Engine," Wired, August 2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/07/crispr-dna-editing-2/.
Однажды в середине 1980-х Фрэнсис Коллинз позировал фотокорреспонденту в лабораторном халате с иголкой в руках перед огромным снопом сена – точная метафора о ДНК-детективах, выискивающих в геноме единственную орфографическую ошибку среди трех миллиардов букв. – Здесь и далее примечания автора, если не указано иное.
Kevin Davies, "Nature, genetics and the Niven factor," Nature Genetics 39, (2007): 805–806, https://www.nature.com/articles/ng0707–805.
Kevin Davies and Michael White, Breakthrough: The Race to Find the Breast Cancer Gene (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995).
Adam Liptak, "Justices, 9–0, Bar Patenting Human Genes," The New York Times, June 13, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/us/supreme-court-rules-human-genes-may-not-be-patented.html.
Kevin Davies, Cracking the Genome (New York: Free Press, 2001).
Оба профессора, Шанкар Баласубраманиан и Дэвид Кленерман, были посвящены в рыцари.
Kevin Davies, The $1,000 Genome (New York: Free Press, 2010).
Fastest genetic diagnosis, Guinness World Records, February 3, 2018, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/413563-fastest-genome-sequencing/.
При нанопоровом секвенировании двойная спираль ДНК «расстегивается», что позволяет пропустить одну из ее цепей через нанопору – бактериальный белок в форме пончика. Измеряя электрический ток при прохождении ДНК через пору подобно поезду метро, устройство Oxford Nanopore может преобразовывать эту электрическую кривую в соответствующую последовательность ДНК.
Julianna LeMieux, "MGI Delivers the $100 Genome at AGBT Conference," Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, February 26, 2020, https://www.genengnews.com/news/mgi-delivers-the-100-genome-at-agbt-conference/.
Gina Kolata, "Who Needs Hard Drives? Scientists Store Film Clip in DNA," The New York Times, July 12, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/science/film-clip-stored-in-dna.html.
Y. Shao et al., "Creating a functional single-chromosome yeast," Nature 560, (2018): 331–335.
Matthew Warren, "Four new DNA letters double life's alphabet," Nature, February 21, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586–019–00650–8.
James D. Watson, Andrew Berry, and Kevin Davies, DNA: The Story of the Genetic Revolution (New York: Knopf, 2017).
Ежегодная премия за прорыв в науке в размере $3 млн для каждого лауреата примерно в десять раз превышает третью долю Нобелевской премии, общая сумма которой составляет $900 000.
Rob Stein, "In a 1st, Doctors in U. S. Use CRISPR Tool To Treat Patient With Genetic Disorder," NPR, July 29, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/07/29/744826505/sickle-cell-patient-reveals-why-she-is-volunteering-for-landmark-gene-editing-st.
Michael Specter, "How the DNA Revolution Is Changing Us," National Geographic, August 2016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/08/dna-crispr-gene-editing-science-ethics/.
Пер. М. Донского.
Пер. В. Нуриева.
Bill Whitaker, "CRISPR: The gene-editing tool revolutionizing biomedical research," 60 Minutes, April 29, 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/crispr-the-gene-editing-tool-revolutionizing-biomedical-research/.
#MeToo.
К сожалению, проект «Геном человека» показал, что наши знания о последовательности ДНК человека не являются полными. Даже последние технологии секвенирования ДНК пока не позволяют прочесть некоторые части генома человека.
William Kaelin, "Why we can't cure cancer with a moonshot," The Washington Post, February 11, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-problem-with-trying-to-cure-cancer-with-a-moonshot/2020/02/11/87632bba-2d84–11ea-9b60–817cc18cf173_story.html.
Lesley Goldberg, "Jennifer Lopez Sets Futuristic Bio-Terror Drama at NBC (Exclusive)," The Hollywood Reporter, October 18, 2016, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jennifer-lopez-sets-futuristic-bio-939509.
Neal Baer, "Covid-19 is scary. Could a rogue scientist use CRISPR to conjure another pandemic?," STAT, March 26, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/26/could-rogue-scientist-use-crispr-create-pandemic/.
Walter Isaacson, "Should the rich be allowed to buy the best genes?," Air Mail, July 27, 2019, https://airmail.news/issues/2019–7–27/should-the-rich-be-allowed-to-buy-the-best-genes.
Mary-Claire King, "Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna: Creators of Gene-Editing Technology," Time, April 16, 2015, https://time.com/collection-post/3822554/emmanuelle-charpentier-jennifer-doudna-2015-time-100/.
В 2020 г. подобной речи уже не будет: все семь лауреатов премии Кавли окажутся мужчинами.
Jean-Eric Paquet, Kavli banquet speech, September 4, 2018, http://kavliprize.org/events-and-features/video-2018-kavli-prize-banquet.
Leah Sherwood, "Genome editing pioneer and Hilo High graduate Jennifer Doudna speaks at UH Hilo about her discovery: CRISPR technology," UH Hilo Stories, September 19, 2018, https://hilo.hawaii.edu/news/stories/2018/09/19/genome-editing-pioneer-and-hilo-high-graduate-jennifer-doudna-speaks-at-uh-hilo-about-her-discovery-crispr-technology/.
Katie Hasson, "Senate HELP Committee holds hearing on gene editing technology," Center for Genetics and Society, November 15, 2017, https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/biopolitical-times/senate-help-committee-holds-hearing-gene-editing-technology.
U. S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions, "Gene Editing Technology: Innovation and Impact," November 14, 2017, https://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/gene-editing-technology-innovation-and-impact.
Pope Francis, "Address of His Holiness Pope Francis to participants at the International Conference organized by the Pontifical Council for Culture on Regenerative Medicine," April 28, 2018, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2018/april/documents/papa-francesco_20180428_conferenza-pcc.html.
C. Brokowski, "Do CRISPR Germline Ethics Statements Cut It?," The CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 115–125, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.0024.
April Glaser and Will Oremus, "Tomorrow's Children, Edited," Slate, November 28, 2018, https://slate.com/technology/2018/11/if-then-podcast-antonio-regalado-crispr-human-gene-editing-china.html.
Francis Collins, "Experts debate: Are we playing with fire when we edit human genes?," STAT, November 17, 2015, https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/17/gene-editing-embryo-crispr/#Collins.
E. S. Lander et al., "Adopt a moratorium on heritable genome editing," Nature, March 13, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586–019–00726–5.
Rachel Cocker, "This Harvard scientist wants your DNA to wipe out inherited diseases – should you hand it over?," Telegraph, March 16, 2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/harvard-scientist-wants-dna-wipe-inherited-diseases-should/.
Sarah Marsh, "Essays Reveal Stephen Hawking Predicted Race of 'Superhumans'," The Guardian, October 14, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/14/stephen-hawking-predicted-new-race-of-superhumans-essays-reveal.
Rob Stein, "First U. S. Patients Treated With CRISPR As Human Gene-Editing Trials Get Underway," NPR, April 16, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/04/16/712402435/first-u-s-patients-treated-with-crispr-as-gene-editing-human-trials-get-underway.
White House, "Announcing the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome at the White House," YouTube video, 40:32, last viewed June 26, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_8XRkb-wbY.
Nicholas Wade, "Genetic Code of Human Life Is Cracked by Scientists," The New York Times, June 27, 2000, http://movies2.nytimes.com/library/national/science/062700sci-genome.html.
Kevin Davies, "Deanna Church on the Reference Genome Past, Present and Future," Bio-IT World, April 22, 2013, http://www.bio-itworld.com/2013/4/22/church-on-reference-genomes-past-present-future.html.
R. Chen and A. J. Butte, "The reference human genome demonstrates high risk of type 1 diabetes and other disorders," Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, 2011 (2010): 231–242, https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814335058_0025.
John Maddox, What Remains To Be Discovered (New York: Free Press, 1999).
Fyodor D. Urnov, "Genome Editing B. C. (Before CRISPR): Lessons from the 'Old Testament," The CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 115–125, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.29007.fyu.
Shirley Tilghman, in The Gene, PBS, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-gene/.
Rebecca Robbins, "The best and worst analogies for CRISPR, ranked," STAT, December 8, 2017, https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/08/crispr-analogies-ranked/.
Lina Dahlberg and Anna Groat Carmona, "CRISPR-Cas Technology In and Out of the Classroom," The CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 107–114, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.0007.
C. LaManna and R. Barrangou, "Enabling the Rise of a CRISPR World," The CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 205–208, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2018.0022.
K. Davies and R. Barrangou, "MasterChef at Work: An Interview with Rodolphe Barrangou," The CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 219–222, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2018.29015.int?url_ver=Z39.88–2003&rfr_id=ori: rid: crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed.
Речь идет о первом доступном автомобиле, выпускавшемся на заводах компании Ford Motor миллионными сериями. Считается, что таким образом Генри Форд «посадил Америку на колеса». – Прим. ред.
Hank Greely, quoted in Mark Shwartz, "Target, Delete, Repair," Stanford Medicine, Winter 2018, https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2018winter/CRISPR-for-gene-editing-is-revolutionary-but-it-comes-with-risks.html.
Покойный Роджер Хендрикс, знаменитый микробиолог, предложил оценить количество фагов на планете в 10-10 (10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000), что делает их наиболее многочисленным биологическим объектом.
Luciano Marraffini, "CRISPR Frontiers" (discussion, New York Academy of Sciences, February 24, 2020).
S. Wiles, "Monday micro-200 million light years of viruses?!," Infectious Thoughts August 5, 2014, https://sciblogs.co.nz/infectious-thoughts/2014/08/05/monday-micro-200-million-light-years-of-viruses/.
S. Klompe and S. H. Sternberg, "Harnessing A Billion Years of Experimentation: The Ongoing Exploration and Exploitation of CRISPR-Cas Immune Systems," The CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 141–158.
Fyodor Urnov in Human Nature (2019), https://wondercollaborative.org/human-nature-documentary-film/.
В 2020 г. группа Ротема Сорека из Научного института Вейцмана в Израиле сообщила о новой дополнительной бактериальной антифаговой системе защиты, называемой ретронами.
CSHL Leading Strand, "CSHL Keynote, Dr Blake Wiedenheft, Montana State University," YouTube video, 21:21, last viewed June 26, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x5VoReHV_4&t=.
Аббревиатура PAM расшифровывается как «мотив, смежный с протоспейсером» (от англ. Protospacer Adjacent Motif). Различные ферменты Cas распознают разные PAM, от трех до шести оснований. Наиболее часто используемая Cas9 из Streptococcus pyogenes распознает триплетную последовательность NGG, где N может быть любым из четырех оснований.
F. Jiang and J. A. Doudna, "CRISPR-Cas9 Structures and Mechanisms," Annual Review of Biophysics 46, (2017): 505–529, https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-biophys-062215–010822.
Cas9 фактически имеет два активных сайта, обеспечивающих два отдельных процесса расщепления – по одному для каждой цепи двойной спирали.
HHMI BioInteractive, "CRISPR-Cas9 Mechanism & Applications," https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/crispr-cas-9-mechanism-applications.
M. Shibata et al., "Real-space and real-time dynamics of CRISPR-Cas9 visualized by highspeed atomic force microscopy," Nature Communications 8, (2017): 1430, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467–017–01466–8.
D. Lawson Jones et al., "Kinetics of dCas9 target search in Escherichia coli," Science 357, (2017): 1420–1424, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6358/1420?.
Andrew Wood, phone interview, August 28, 2019.
Rodolphe Barrangou, "CRISPR-Cas: From Bacterial Adaptive Immunity to a Genome Editing Revolution," XBio, September 2019, https://explorebiology.org/summary/genetics/crispr-cas:-from-bacterial-adaptive-immunity-to-a-genome-editing-revolution
ZNF (zinc finger nuclease) – цинк-пальцевая нуклеаза; TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease) – эффекторная нуклеаза, подобная активатору транскрипции (см. главу 8).
S. Hwang and K. L. Maxwell, "Meet the Anti-CRISPRs: Widespread Protein Inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas Systems," The CRISPR Journal 2, (2019): 23–30, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/crispr.2018.0052.
M. Adli, "The CRISPR tool kit for genome editing and beyond." Nature Communications 9, (2018): 1911, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467–018–04252–2.
Это никогда не станет популярным, но Патрик Харрисон, генетик из Тринити-колледжа в Дублине, предложил по-другому расшифровать CRISPR – как мнемокод, объясняющий процесс редактирования/восстановления: Cut-Resect-Invade-Synthesis-Proofread-Repair (Разрез-удаление-вставка-синтез-проверка-восстановление). На передаче Last week Tonight комик Джон Оливер предложил свое собственное, более дерзкое определение: Crunchy-Rectums-In-Sassy-Pink-Ray-Bans (Хрустящая-прямая кишка-в-стильных-розовых-солнцезащитных-очках).
P. T. Harrison and S. Hart, "A beginner's guide to gene editing," Experimental Physiology 103, (2018): 439–448, https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1113/EP086047.
Jennifer Doudna, Keystone Symposium, Banff, Canada, February 9, 2020.
Fyodor Urnov, "Genome Engineering," Keystone Symposium, Victoria Island, Canada, February 21, 2019.
Francisco Mojica, interview, Santa Pola, Spain, May 1, 2018.
Ed Yong, "The Unique Merger That Made You (and Ewe, and Yew)," Nautilus, February 6, 2014, http://nautil.us/issue/10/mergers-acquisitions/the-unique-merger-that-made-you-and-ewe-and-yew.
Manuel Ansede, "Francis Mojica, de las salinas a la quiniela del Nobel," El País, May 18, 2017, https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/05/18/eps/1495058731_149505.html.
F. J. M. Mojica et al., Transcription at different salinities of Haloferax mediterranei sequences adjacent to partially modified PstI sites. Molecular Microbiology 9, (1993): 613–621.
Термин CRISPR был введен только в 2001 г. Хотя истинного значения открытия Мохики, сделанного в 1993 г., в то время еще не понимали, через 25 лет эта дата будет увековечена на киноэкранах IMAX по всему миру в качестве вступительных титров фильма «Рэмпейдж».
Повторы CRISPR не имеют ничего общего с адаптацией к солености. «Это все еще загадка!» – говорит Мохика. Пока он не получил финансирования для дальнейшего изучения вопроса.
Йосизуми Исино – профессор Университета Кюсю. Он изучает репарацию ДНК у термофильных архей и ищет новые CRISPR.
Y. Ishino et al., "Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product," Journal of Bacteriology 169, (1987): 5429–5433, https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/169/12/5429.full.pdf.
F. J. M. Mojica et al., "Long stretches of short tandem repeats are present in the largest replicons of the Archaea Haloferax mediterranei and Haloferax volcanii and could be involved in replicon partitioning," Molecular Microbiology 17, (1995): 85–93, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365–2958.1995.mmi_17010085.x.
Clara Rodriguez Fernandez, "Interview with Francis Mojica, the Spanish scientist that [sic] discovered CRISPR," Labiotech, November 13, 2017, https://labiotech.eu/francis-mojica-crispr-interview/.
B. Masepohl et al., "Long tandemly repeated repetitive (LTRR) sequences in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1307, (1996): 26–30, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167478196000401.
K. S. Makarova et al., "A DNA repair system specific for thermophilic Archaea and bacteria predicted by genomic context analysis," Nucleic Acids Research 30, (2002): 482–496, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99818/.
K. Davies and F. Mojica, "Crazy About CRISPR: An Interview with Francisco Mojica," The CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 29–33, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.28999.int.12.
Из того же источника.
Molly Campbell, "Francisco Mojica: The Modest Microbiologist Who Discovered and Named CRISPR," Technology Networks, October 14, 2019, https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/articles/francis-mojica-the-modest-microbiologist-who-discovered-and-named-crispr-325093.
K. Davies and F. Mojica, "Crazy About CRISPR: An Interview with Francisco Mojica," The CRISPR Journal 1, (2018): 29–33, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/crispr.2017.28999.int.