Сноски
1

16,09 км. – Прим. ред.

2

Оригинальное название подстанции – Пивнична. – Прим. ред.

3

От англ. smart – умный. – Прим. пер.

4

В России распространены другие голосовые помощники, например Алиса. – Прим. ред.

5

Приведенные статистические данные и прогнозы действительны для 2018 г. – года написания книги. В действительности к 2021 г. число активных умных вещей достигло 10 млрд; https://dataprot.net/statistics/iot-statistics/. – Прим. ред.

6

Пропатчивание – автоматизированное устранение обнаруженных проблем. – Прим. ред.

7

Defcon – крупнейшая в мире ежегодная конференция хакеров, проходит в Лас-Вегасе. – Прим. пер.

8

DNSSEC – набор расширений протокола DNS, которые позволяют минимизировать атаки, связанные с подменой DNS-адреса при разрешении доменных имен. – Прим. пер.

9

От англ. back door – черный ход. – Прим. пер.

10

Fortinet – американская компания, специализирующаяся на разработке и продвижении ПО, решений и сервисов в области информационной безопасности. – Прим. пер.

11

Зеттабайт – единица измерения количества информации, равная 1021 (секстиллион) байт. – Прим. пер.

12

Target Corporation – одна из крупнейших американских компаний в области розничной торговли. – Прим. пер.

13

От англ. Distributed Denial of Service Attack – распределенная атака на отказ в обслуживании. – Прим. ред.

14

Черви – вредоносные программы, самостоятельно распространяющиеся через локальные и глобальные компьютерные сети. – Прим. пер.

15

Вирусы и руткиты – набор программных средств, которые хакер устанавливает на взломанном компьютере после получения первоначального доступа. Руткит позволяет злоумышленнику закрепиться в системе и скрыть следы своей деятельности. – Прим. пер.

Комментарии
1

Andy Greenberg (21 Jul 2015), “Hackers remotely kill a Jeep on the highway – with me in it,” Wired, https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK0SrxBC1xs.

2

Andy Greenberg (1 Aug 2016), “The Jeep hackers are back to prove car hacking can get much worse,” Wired, https://www.wired.com/2016/08/jeep-hackers-return-high-speed-steering-acceleration-hacks.

3

Ishtiaq Rouf et al. (12 Aug 2010), “Security and privacy vulnerabilities of in-car wireless networks: A tire pressure monitoring system case study,” 19th USENIX Security Symposium, https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/sec10/tech/full_papers/Rouf.pdf.

4

Jim Finkle and Bernie Woodall (30 Jul 2015), “Researcher says can hack GM’s OnStar app, open vehicle, start engine,” Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-hacking-idUSKCN0Q42FI20150730.

5

Ishtiaq Rouf et al. (12 Aug 2010), “Security and privacy vulnerabilities of in-car wireless networks: A tire pressure monitoring system case study,” 19th USENIX Security Symposium, https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/sec10/tech/full_papers/Rouf.pdf.

6

Kim Zetter (16 Jun 2016), “Feds say that banned researcher commandeered plane,” Wired, https://www.wired.com/2015/05/feds-say-banned-researcher-commandeered-plane/.

7

Sam Grobart (12 Apr 2013), “Hacking an airplane with only an Android phone,” Bloomberg, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013–04–12/hacking-an-airplane-with-only-an-android-phone.

8

Calvin Biesecker (8 Nov 2017), “Boeing 757 testing shows airplanes vulnerable to hacking, DHS says,” Aviation Today, http://www.aviationtoday.com/2017/11/08/boeing-757-testing-shows-airplanes-vulnerable-hacking-dhs-says.

9

Kim Zetter (3 Mar 2016), “Inside the cunning, unprecedented hack of Ukraine’s power grid,” Wired, https://www.wired.com/2016/03/inside-cunning-unprecedented-hack-ukraines-power-grid.

10

C&M News (24 Jun 2017), “Watch how hackers took over a Ukrainian power station,” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ThgK1WXUgk.

11

Dragos, Inc. (13 Jun 2017), “CRASHOVERRIDE: Analysis of the threat to electric grid operations,” https://dragos.com/blog/crashoverride/CrashOverride-01.pdf.

12

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13

Christopher Meyer (8 Feb 2017), “This teen hacked 150,000 printers to show how the Internet of Things is shit,” Vice Motherboard, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/nzqayz/this-teen-hacked-150000-printers-to-show-how-the-internet-of-things-is-shit.

14

Carl Straumsheim (27 Jan 2017), “More anti-Semitic fliers printed at universities,” Inside Higher Ed, https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/01/27/more-anti-semitic-fliers-printed-universities.

15

Jennifer Kite-Powell (29 Oct 2014), “3D printed virus to attack cancer cells,” Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2014/10/29/3d-printed-virus-to-attack-cancer-cells/#7a8dbddb104b. Katie Collins (16 Oct 2014), “Meet the biologist hacking 3D printed cancer-fighting viruses,” Wired UK, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/andrew-hessel-autodesk.

16

University of the Basque Country (28 Jan 2015), “Pacemakers with Internet connection, a not-so-distant goal,” Science Daily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150128113715.htm.

17

Brooke McAdams and Ali Rizvi (4 Jan 2016), “An overview of insulin pumps and glucose sensors for the generalist,” Journal of Clinical Medicine 5, no. 1, http://www.mdpi.com/2077–0383/5/1/5. Tim Vanderveen (27 May 2014), “From smart pumps to intelligent infusion systems: The promise of interoperability,” Patient Safety and Quality Healthcare, http://psqh.com/may-june-2014/from-smart-pumps-to-intelligent-infusion-systems-the-promise-of-interoperability.

18

Pam Belluck (13 Nov 2017), “First digital pill approved to worries about biomedical ‘Big Brother,’” The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/health/digital-pill-fda.html.

19

Diego Barretino (25 Jul 2017), “Smart contact lenses and eye implants will give doctors medical insights,” IEEE Spectrum, https://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/smart-contact-lenses-and-eye-implants-will-give-doctors-medical-insights.

20

Brendan Borrell (29 Jun 2017), “Precise devices: Fitness trackers are more accurate than ever,” Consumer Reports, https://www.consumerreports.org/fitness-trackers/precise-devices-fitness-trackers-are-more-accurate-than-ever.

21

Anthony Cuthbertson (12 Apr 2016), “This smart collar turns your pet into a living Tamagotchi,” Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/smart-collar-pet-kyon-tamagotchi-gps-dog-446754.

22

Owen Williams (21 Feb 2016), “All I want for Christmas is LG’s adorable cat toy,” The Next Web, http://thenextweb.com/gadgets/2016/02/21/all-i-want-for-christmas-is-lgs-adorable-cat-toy.

23

Livescribe, Inc. (дата обращения 5 ноября 2024), “Livescribe Smartpens,” http://www.livescribe.com/en-us/smartpen.

24

Brandon Griggs (22 Feb 2014), “‘Smart’ toothbrush grades your brushing habits,” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/09/tech/innovation/smart-toothbrush-kolibree. Sarmistha Acharya (23 Feb 2016), “MWC2016: Oral-B unveils smart toothbrush that uses mobile camera to help you brush your teeth,” International Business Times, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mwc-2016-oral-b-unveils-smart-toothbrush-that-uses-mobile-camera-help-you-brush-better-1545414.

25

Diana Budds (9 Nov 2017), “A smart coffee cup? It’s more useful than it sounds,” Fast Company, https://www.fastcodesign.com/90150019/the-perfect-smart-coffee-cup-is-here.

26

Phoebe Luckhurst (3 Aug 2017), “These sex toys and smart hook-up apps will make your summer hotter than ever,” Evening Standard, https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/these-sex-toys-and-smart-apps-will-make-your-summer-hotter-than-ever-a3603056.html.

27

Samuel Gibbs (13 Mar 2015), “Privacy fears over ‘smart’ Barbie that can listen to your kids,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/13/smart-barbie-that-can-listen-to-your-kids-privacy-fears-mattel.

28

Stanley, “Smart Measure Pro,” http://www.stanleytools.com/explore/stanley-mobile-apps/stanley-smart-measure-pro.

29

April Glaser (26 Apr 2016), “Dig gardening? Plant some connected tech this spring,” Wired, https://www.wired.com/2016/04/connected-gardening-tech-iot.

30

Samar Warsi (26 Dec 2017), “A motorcycle helmet will call an ambulance and text your family if you have an accident,” Vice Motherboard, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/a37bwp/smart-motorcycle-helmet-helli-will-call-ambulance-skully-pakistan.

31

Christopher Snow (14 Mar 2017), “Everyone’s buying a smart thermostat – here’s how to pick one,” USA Today, https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/reviewedcom/2017/03/14/smart-thermostats-are-2017s-hottest-home-gadgetheres-how-to-pick-the-right-one-for-you/99125582.

32

Kashmir Hill and Surya Mattu (7 Feb 2018), “The house that spied on me,” Gizmodo, https://gizmodo.com/the-house-that-spied-on-me-1822429852.

33

Rose Kennedy (14 Aug 2017), “Want a scale that tells more than your weight? Smart scales are it,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, http://www.ajc.com/news/health-med-fit-science/want-scale-that-tells-more-than-your-weight-smart-scales-are/XHpLELYnLgn8cQtBtsay6J.

34

Alina Bradford (1 Feb 2016), “Why smart toilets might actually be worth the upgrade,” CNET, http://www.cnet.com/how-to/smart-toilets-make-your-bathroom-high-tech.

35

Alex Colon and Timothy Torres (30 May 2017), “The best smart light bulbs of 2017,” PC Magazine, https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2483488,00.as.

36

Adam Gabbatt (5 Jan 2017), “Don’t lose your snooze: The technology that’s promising a better night’s sleep,” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/05/sleep-technology-ces-2017-las-vegas-new-products.

37

Eugene Kim and Christina Farr (10 Oct 2017), “Amazon is exploring ways to deliver items to your car trunk and the inside of your home,” CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/10/amazon-is-in-talks-with-phrame-and-is-working-on-a-smart-doorbell.html.

38

Matt Hamblen (1 Oct 2015), “Just what IS a smart city?” Computerworld, https://www.computerworld.com/article/2986403/internet-of-things/just-what-is-a-smart-city.html.

39

Tim Johnson (20 Sep 2017), “Smart billboards are checking you out – and making judgments,” Miami Herald, https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article174197441.html.

40

Gartner, “Internet of Things,” Gartner IT Glossary, https://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/internet-of-things.

41

Gartner (7 Feb 2017), “Gartner says 8.4 billion connected ‘things’ will be in use in 2017, up 31 percent from 2016,” https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3598917.

42

Tony Danova (2 Oct 2013), “Morgan Stanley: 75 billion devices will be connected to the Internet of Things by 2020,” The Business Insider, http://www.businessinsider.com/75-billion-devices-will-be-connected-to-the-internet-by-2020–2013–10. Peter Brown (25 Jan 2017), “20 billion connected Internet of Things devices in 2017, IHS Markit says,” Electronics 360, http://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/8032/20-billion-connected-internet-of-things-devices-in-2017-ihs-markit-says. Julia Boorstin (1 Feb 2016), “An Internet of Things that will number ten billions,” CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/01/an-internet-of-things-that-will-number-ten-billions.html. Statista (2018), “Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices installed base worldwide from 2015 to 2025 (in billions),” https://www.statista.com/statistics/471264/iot-number-of-connected-devices-worldwide.

43

Michael Sawh (26 Sep 2017), “The best smart clothing: From biometric shirts to contactless payment jackets,” Wareable, https://www.wareable.com/smart-clothing/best-smart-clothing.

44

J. R. Raphael (7 Jan 2016), “The ‘smart’-everything trend has officially turned stupid,” Computerworld, http://www.computerworld.com/article/3019713/internet-of-things/smart-everything-trend.html.

45

Robin R. Murphy (2000), “Robotic paradigms,” in Introduction to AI Robotics, MIT Press, https://books.google.com/books/about/?id=RVlnL_X6FrwC.

46

Bruce Schneier (2 Feb 2016), “The Internet of Things will be the world’s biggest robot,” Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceschneier/2016/02/02/the-internet-of-things-will-be-the-worlds-biggest-robot.

47

. The Economist (8 Apr 2017), “How to manage the computer-security threat,” https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21720279-incentives-software-firms-take-security-seriously-are-too-weak-how-manage.

48

Alexander Klimburg (2017), The Darkening Web: The War for Cyberspace, Penguin, https://books.google.com/books/about/?id=kytBvgAACAAJ.

49

Cambridge Cyber Security Summit (4 Oct 2017), “Transparency, communication and conflict,” CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/video/2017/10/09/cambridge-cyber-security-summit-transparency-communication-and-conflict.html.

50

Ankit Anubhav (20 Jul 2017), “IoT thermostat bug allows hackers to turn up the heat,” NewSky Security, https://blog.newskysecurity.com/iot-thermostat-bug-allows-hackers-to-turn-up-the-heat-948e554e5e8b.

51

Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai (7 Aug 2016), “Hackers make the first-ever ransomware for smart thermostats,” Vice Motherboard, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/aekj9j/internet-of-things-ransomware-smart-thermostat.

52

David Hambling (10 Aug 2017), “Ships fooled in GPS spoofing attack suggest Russian cyberweapon,” New Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article/2143499-ships-fooled-in-gps-spoofing-attack-suggest-russian-cyberweapon.

53

Kim Zetter (26 May 2015), “Is it possible for passengers to hack commercial aircraft?” Wired, http://www.wired.com/2015/05/possible-passengers-hack-commercial-aircraft. Gerald L. Dillingham, Gregory C. Wilshusen, and Nabajyoti Barkakati (14 Apr 2015), “Air traffic control: FAA needs a more comprehensive approach to address cybersecurity as agency transitions to NextGen,” GAO-15–370, US Government Accountability Office, http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/669627.pdf.

54

Andy Greenberg (21 Jul 2015), “Hackers remotely kill a Jeep on the highway – with me in it,” Wired, https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK0SrxBC1xs.

55

Liviu Arsene (20 Nov 2014), “Hacking vulnerable medical equipment puts millions at risk,” Information Week, http://www.informationweek.com/partner-perspectives/bitdefender/hacking-vulnerable-medical-equipment-puts-millions-at-risk/a/d-id/1319873.

56

Colin Neagle (2 Apr 2015), “Smart home hacking is easier than you think,” Network World, http://www.networkworld.com/article/2905053/security0/smart-home-hacking-is-easier-than-you-think.html.

57

Sean Blanchfield (1 Feb 2017), “The state of the blocked web: 2017 global adblock report,” PageFair, https://unruly.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/PageFair-2017-Adblock-Report.pdf.

58

Kate Murphy (20 Feb 2016), “The ad blocking wars,” The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/opinion/sunday/the-ad-blocking-wars.html.

59

Pedro H. Calais Guerra et al. (13–14 Jul 2010), “Exploring the spam arms race to characterize spam evolution,” Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference (CEAS2010), https://honeytarg.cert.br/spampots/papers/spampots-ceas10.pdf.

60

Alfred Ng (1 Oct 2017), “Credit card thieves are getting smarter. You can, too,” CNET, https://www.cnet.com/news/credit-card-skimmers-thieves-are-getting-smarter-you-can-too.

61

David Sancho, Numaan Huq, and Massimiliano Michenzi (2017), “Cashing in on ATM malware: A comprehensive look at various attack types,” Trend Micro, https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/white_papers/wp-cashing-in-on-atm-malware.pdf.

62

Цит. по: A. K. Dewdney (1 Mar 1989), “Computer recreations: Of worms, viruses and core war,” Scientific American, http://corewar.co.uk/dewdney/1989–03.htm.

63

Rod Beckstrom (2 Nov 2011), “Statement to the London Conference on Cyberspace, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN),” https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/beckstrom-speech-cybersecurity-london-02nov11-en.pdf.

64

Bruce Schneier (1 Apr 2000), “The process of security,” Information Security, https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2000/04/the_process_of_secur.html.

65

Roger A. Grimes (8 Jul 2014), “5 reasons why software bugs still plague us,” CSO, https://www.csoonline.com/article/2608330/security/5-reasons-why-software-bugs-still-plague-us.html. David Heinemeier Hansson (7 Mar 2016), “Software has bugs. This is normal,” Signal v. Noise, https://m.signalvnoise.com/software-has-bugs-this-is-normal-f64761a262ca.

66

Abhishek Baxi (10 Mar 2014), “From a Bill Gates memo to an industry practice: The story of Security Development Lifecycle,” Windows Central, https://www.windowscentral.com/bill-gates-memo-industry-practice-story-security-development-cycle.

67

Adrian Kingsley-Hughes (19 Dec 2017), “Apple seems to have forgotten about the whole ‘it just works’ thing,” ZDNet, http://www.zdnet.com/article/apple-seems-to-have-forgotten-about-the-whole-it-just-works-thing.

68

National Research Council (1996), “Case study: NASA space shuttle flight control software,” in Statistical Software Engineering, National Academies Press, https://www.nap.edu/read/5018/chapter/4.

69

Peter Bright (25 Aug 2015), “How security flaws work: The buffer overflow,” Ars Technica, https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/08/how-security-flaws-work-the-buffer-overflow.

70

Eric Rescorla (1 Jan 2005), “Is finding security holes a good idea?” IEEE Security & Privacy 3, no. 1, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1048817. Andy Ozment and Stuart Schechter (1 Jul 2006), “Milk or wine: Does software security improve with age?” in Proceedings of the 15th USENIX Security Symposium, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/milk-or-wine-does-software-security-improve-with-age.

71

Heather Kelly (9 Apr 2014), “The ‘Heartbleed’ security flaw that affects most of the Internet,” CNN, https://www.cnn.com/2014/04/08/tech/web/heartbleed-openssl/index.html.

72

Andy Greenberg (7 Jan 2018), “Triple Meltdown: How so many researchers found a 20-year-old chip flaw at the same time,” Wired, https://www.wired.com/story/meltdown-spectre-bug-collision-intel-chip-flaw-discovery.

73

Sandy Clark et al. (6–10 Dec 2010), “Familiarity breeds contempt: The honeymoon effect and the role of legacy code in zero-day vulnerabilities,” in Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920299.

74

Nate Anderson (17 Nov 2010), “How China swallowed 15 % of ’Net traffic for 18 minutes,” Ars Technica, https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2010/11/how-china-swallowed-15-of-net-traffic-for-18-minutes.

75

Yakov Rekhter and Tony Li (Mar 1995), “A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4),” Network Working Group, Internet Engineering Task Force, https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1771.

76

Axel Arnbak and Sharon Goldberg (30 Jun 2014), “Loopholes for circumventing the Constitution: Unrestrained bulk surveillance on Americans by collecting network traffic abroad,” Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review 21, no. 2, https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1204&context=mttlr. Sharon Goldberg (22 Jun 2017), “Surveillance without borders: The ‘traffic shaping’ loophole and why it matters,” Century Foundation, https://tcf.org/content/report/surveillance-without-borders-the-traffic-shaping-loophole-and-why-it-matters.

77

Jim Cowie (19 Nov 2013), “The new threat: Targeted Internet traffic misdirection,” Vantage Point, Oracle + Dyn, https://cyber-peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/The-New-Threat_-Targeted-Internet-Traffic-Misdirection-_-Dyn-Blog.pdf.

78

Dan Goodin (13 Dec 2017), “‘Suspicious’ event routes traffic for big-name sites through Russia,” Ars Technica, https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/12/suspicious-event-routes-traffic-for-big-name-sites-through-russia.

79

Dan Goodin (27 Aug 2008), “Hijacking huge chunks of the internet: A new How To,” The Register, https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/08/27/bgp_exploit_revealed.

80

Craig Timberg (30 May 2015), “A flaw in the design,” The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1.

81

Brian E. Carpenter, ed. (Jun 1996), “Architectural principles of the Internet,” Network Working Group, Internet Engineering Task Force, https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1958.txt.

82

Tyler Moore (2010), “The economics of cybersecurity: Principles and policy options,” International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, https://tylermoore.utulsa.edu/ijcip10.pdf.

83

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (27 Sep 2017), “KSK rollover postponed,” https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2017–09–27-en.

84

Michael Jordon (12 Sep 2014), “Hacking Canon Pixma printers: Doomed encryption,” Context Information Security, https://www.contextis.com/blog/hacking-canon-pixma-printers-doomed-encryption.

85

Ralph Kinney (25 May 2017), “Will it run Doom? Smart thermostat running classic FPS game Doom,” Zareview, https://www.zareview.com/will-run-doom-smart-thermostat-running-classic-fps-game-doom.

86

Kyle Orland (19 Oct 2017), “Denuvo’s DRM now being cracked within hours of release,” Ars Technica, https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/10/denuvos-drm-ins-now-being-cracked-within-hours-of-release.

87

Seth Schoen (17 Mar 2016), “Thinking about the term ‘backdoor,’” Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/03/thinking-about-term-backdoor.

88

Bruce Schneier (18 Feb 2016), “Why you should side with Apple, not the FBI, in the San Bernardino iPhone case,” The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/02/18/why-you-should-side-with-apple-not-the-fbi-in-the-san-bernardino-iphone-case.

89

Dan Goodin (12 Jan 2016), “Et tu, Fortinet? Hard-coded password raises new backdoor eavesdropping fears,” Ars Technica, https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/01/et-tu-fortinet-hard-coded-password-raises-new-backdoor-eavesdropping-fears.

90

Maria Korolov (6 Dec 2017), “What is a bot-net? And why they aren’t going away anytime soon,” CSO, https://www.csoonline.com/article/3240364/hacking/what-is-a-botnet-and-why-they-arent-going-away-anytime-soon.html.

91

Roger R. Schell (Jan–Feb 1979), “Computer security: The Achilles’ heel of the electronic Air Force?” Air University Review 30, no. 2 (reprinted in Air & Space Power Journal, Jan–Feb 2013), http://insct.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Schell_Achilles_Heel.pdf.

92

Bruce Schneier (19 Nov 1999), “A plea for simplicity: You can’t secure what you don’t understand,” Information Security, https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/1999/11/a_plea_for_simplicit.html.

93

David McCandless (24 Sep 2015), “How many lines of code does it take?” Information Is Beautiful, http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/million-lines-of-code.

94

Lily Hay Newman (12 Mar 2017), “Hacker lexicon: What is an attack surface?” Wired, https://www.wired.com/2017/03/hacker-lexicon-attack-surface.

95

Robert McMillan (17 Sep 2017), “An unexpected security problem in the cloud,” The Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-unexpected-security-problem-in-the-cloud-1505700061.

96

Elena Kadavny (1 Dec 2017), “Thousands of records exposed in Stanford data breaches,” Palo Alto Online, https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2017/12/01/thousands-of-records-exposed-in-stanford-data-breaches.

97

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98

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