Weekly Review of the Affairs of France (17 February 1704). Defoe’s Review (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2003-11). William L. Payne, The Best of Defoe’s Review: An Anthology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951).
Review (fasc. edn, New York, 1938), viii, 708, book 21. Quoted Harold Love, The Culture and Commerce of Texts (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), p. 3. See now also Dror Wahrman, Mr. Collier’s Letter Rack: A Tale of Art and Illusion at the Threshold of the Modern Information Age (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 19–29.
Примеры можно найти по крайней мере в десяти шекспировских пьесах: «Король Генрих VI», Часть 2, Акт IV, сцена 4; «Король Генрих VI», Часть 3, Акт II, Сцена 1; «Ричард III», Акт IV, сцены 2 и 4; «Укрощение строптивой», Акт V, сцена 2; «Венецианский купец», акт 1, сцена 2; «Двенадцатая ночь», акт 1, сцена 1; «Гамлет», Акт IV, сцена 7; «Тимон Афинский», акт 1, сцена 2; «Король Лир», действие 1, сцена 2; «Макбет», Акт 1, сцена 7. Примеры предоставлены Полом Арбластером.
Claude Holyband, The French Littelton (London: Richard Field, 1593). Below, Chapter 6.
The historie of Cambria, now called Wales (1584), sig. vr. Благодарю моего коллегу Алекса Вульфа за эту ссылку.
Jurg Zulliger, ‘“Ohne Kommunikation wurde Chaos herrschen”. Zur Bedeutung von Informationsaustauch, Briefverkehr und Boten bei Bernhard von Clairvaux’, Archiv fur Kulturgeschichte, 78 (1996), pp. 251-76. Ниже, глава 1.
Ниже, глава 2.
Ниже, глава 7.
Nate Silver, The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail but Some Don’t (New York: Penguin, 2012).
Ulinka Rublack, The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 16–19.
Matthew Lundin, Paper Memory: A Sixteenth-Century Townsman Writes his World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).
Там же, с. 243.
Ниже, глава 5.
Andrew Pettegree, The Book in the Renaissance (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2010).
Ниже, глава 4.
Ниже, глава 7.
Allyson Creasman, Censorship and Civic Order in Reformation Germany, 1517–1648 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012).
Jan Bloemendal, Peter G. F. Eversmann and Else Strietman (eds), Drama, Performance and Debate: Theatre and Public Opinion in the Early Modern Period (Leiden: Brill, 2013); и ниже в примечаниях к главе 12.
По-французски publier. См. Kate van Orden, ‘Cheap Print and Street Song Following the Saint Bartholomew’s Massacres of 1572’, in van Orden (ed.), Music and the Cultures of Print (New York: Garland Publishing, 2000), pp. 271–323.
Maximilian Novak, Daniel Defoe, Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Ниже, глава 15.
Larry Silver, Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
Wolfgang Behringer, Thurn und Taxis: Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen (Munich: Piper, 1990); idem,Im Zeichen des Merkur: ReichspostundKommunikationsrevolution in der Fruhen Neuzeit (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003).
A. M. Ramsay, ‘A Roman Postal Service under the Republic’, Journal of Roman Studies, 10 (1920), pp. 79–86.
Alan K. Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People, 2nd edn (London: British Museum, 2003); Anthony Birley, Garrison Life at Vindolanda (Stroud: History Press, 2007).
Alan K. Bowman and Greg Woolf, Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Greg Woolf, ‘Monumental Writing and the Expansion of Roman Society in the Early Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 86 (1996), pp. 22–39.
M. T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979).
Там же, с. 261.
Jurg Zulliger, ‘“Ohne Kommunikation wurde Chaos herrschen”: Zur Bedeutung von Informationsaustauch, Briefverkehr und Boten bei Bernhard von Clairvaux’, Archiv fur Kulturgeschichte, 78 (1996), pp. 251-76.
Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (London: Hambledon, 2004), p. 21.
Там же, с. 13.
J. K. Hyde, ‘Italian Pilgrim Literature in the Late Middle Ages’, in his Literacy and its Uses: Studies on Late Medieval Italy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 136-61.
Sophia Menache, The Vox Dei: Communication in the Middle Ages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 116.
Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750 (New York: Zone, 2001).
Hyde, ‘Ethnographers in Search of an Audience’, in his Literacy and its Uses, pp. 162–216.
Jonathan Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion (London: Faber, 1975), p. 257; Debra Birch, ‘Jacques de Vitry and the Ideology of Pilgrimage’, in J. Stopford (ed.), Pilgrimage Explored (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 1999).
Dianna Webb, Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West (London: I. B. Tauris, 2001); Sumption, Pilgrimage.
Albert Kapr, Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention (London: Scolar Press, 1996), pp. 71-5.
Debra Birch, Pilgrimage to Rome in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1998).
Peter Spufford, Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), p. 23.
О посольской корреспонденции идет речь ниже в главе 5.
Yves Renouard, ‘Comment les papes d’Avignon expediaient leur courrier’, Revue historique, 180 (1937), pp. 1-29; idem, The Avignon Papacy, 1305–1403 (London: Faber, 1970); Anne-Marie Hayez, ‘Les courriers des papes d’Avignon sous Innocent VI et Urbain V (1352–1370)’, in La circulation des nouvelles au moyen age (Paris: Sorbonne, 1994), pp. 37–46.
Renouard, ‘Les papes d’Avignon’, pp. 20-3.
Письмо, предназначенное для Рима, написанное 3 марта 1321 года, отправилось из Авиньона только 18 апреля. Письмо в Венецию, написанное 6 октября 1321 г., отправилось 31 октября. Отправка письма в Пуатье в 1360 г. была отложена на два месяца. Renouard, ‘Les papes d’Avignon’, p. 28.
Suzanne Budelot, Messageries universitaires et messageries royales (Paris: Domat, 1934).
Hilde de Rodder-Symoens (ed.), A History of the University in Europe. Volume I: Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 114.
C. H. Haskins, ‘The Lives of Mediaeval Students as Illustrated in their Letters’, in his Studies in Mediaeval Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929), pp. 1-35.
Alain Boureau, ‘The Letter-Writing Norm, a Mediaeval Invention’, in Roger Chartier (ed.), Correspondence: Models of Letter-Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Polity, 1997), pp. 24–58.
Haskins, ‘Lives of Medieval Students’, p. 10.
Ibid., pp. 15–16.
Ниже, глава 15.
Philip O. Beale, A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), p. 22.
Ibid., pp. 24-7.
J. K. Hyde, ‘The Role of Diplomatic Correspondence and Reporting’, in his Literacy and its Uses, pp. 217-59, here pp. 224-6.
Там же, с. 244.
Ниже, глава 5.
Beale, History of the Post, pp. 30–39.
Given-Wilson, Chronicles, p. 109.
Beale, History of the Post, pp. 84-6.
La circulation des nouvelles.
C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Some Examples of the Distribution and Speed of News in England at the Time of the Wars of the Roses’, in his England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century (London: Hambledon, 1983), pp. 97-122.
Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 100; James Gairdner (ed.), Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles (London: Camden Society, 1880), pp. 156 ff.
Ниже, глава 4.
B. Guenee, ‘Les campagnes de lettres qui ont suivi le meurtre de Jean sans Peur, duc de Bourgogne (septembre 1419-fevrier 1420)’, Annuaire-Bulletin de la Societe de l’Histoire de France (1993), pp. 45–65.
Craig Taylor, ‘War, Propaganda and Diplomacy in Fifteenth-Century France and England’, in Christopher Allmand (ed.), War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), pp. 70–91.
Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 99.
Budelot, Messageries universitaires et messageries royales; E. John B. Allen, ‘The Royal Posts of France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries’, Postal History Journal, 15 (January 1971).
Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 107.
Menache, Vox Dei.
Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 101.
Iris Origo, The Merchant of Prato: Francesco di Marco Datini (London: Jonathan Cape, 1957), p. 90.
Кроме того, произошел обмен десятью тысячами писем между Датини и его женой, которой пришлось вести хозяйство в Прато, когда Датини переехал во Флоренцию. Этому и уделяется основное внимание Ориго.
David Nicholas, Medieval Flanders (London: Longman, 1992). James M. Murray, Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1280–1390 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Edwin S. Hunt, The Medieval Super-Companies: A Study of the Peruzzi Company of Florence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Raymond de Roover, Money, Banking and Credit in Medieval Bruges (Cambridge, MA: 1948).
Gilles le Bouvier, Le livre de la description des pays (Paris: Leroux, 1908), pp. 157–216.
Peter Spufford, Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), pp. 143-52.
Frederic C. Lane, Andrea Barbarigo, Merchant of Venice, 1418–1449 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1944), p. 20.
Spufford, Power and Profit, pp. 25-8.
Lane, Andrea Barbarigo, pp. 199–200. Письма Барбариго из Валенсии редко приходили быстрее, чем за тридцать дней, а обычно шли около сорока дней.
Federigo Melis, ‘Intensita e regolarita nella diffusione dell’informazione economica generale nel Mediterraneo e in Occidente alla fine del Medioevo’, in Melanges en l’honneur de Fernand Braudel, 2 vols (Toulouse: Privat, 1973), I, 389–424. Spufford, Power and Profit, p. 27.
Philip O. Beale, A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), p. 33.
C. A. J. Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century (London: Hambledon, 1983), pp. 97-122, here p. 109.
A. Grunzweig, Correspondence de la filiale de Bruges de Medici (Brussels: Lamertin, 1931), I, 130-45.
Ниже, глава 5.
Hunt, Medieval Super-Companies, p. 73.
Этот момент был оценен миланским послом, когда он рекомендовал использовать торговую почту, A History of the Post in England, p. 160.
E. John B. Allen, Post and Courier Service in the Diplomacy of Early Modern Europe, vol. 3 (The Hague: Nijhoff, International Archive of the History of Ideas, 1972).
Richard Goldthwaite, The Economy of Renaissance Florence, (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press), p. 94.
Origo, Datini, pp. 85-6.
Там же, с. 86.
Robert S. Lopez and Irving W. Raymond, Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955), no. 193; Gunnar Dahl, Trade, Trust and Networks: Commercial Cultures in Late Medieval Italy (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 1998), p. 82.
Lopez and Raymond, Medieval Trade, no. 194; Dahl, Trade, p. 82.
Dahl, Trade, p. 83.
Gertrude R. B. Richards (ed.), Florentine Merchants in the Age of the Medici: Letters and Documents from the Selfridge Collection of Medici Manuscripts (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932), p. 109; Dahl, Trade, p. 83.
Paolo da Certaldo, Libro di buoni costumi, ed. Alfredo Schiaffini (Florence, 1946), pp. 149-50.
Goldthwaite, Economy of Renaissance Florence, p. 95.
Theodor Gustav Werner, ‘Das kaufmannische Nachrichtenwesen im spaten Mittelalter und in der fruhen Neuzeit und sein Einfluss auf die Entstehung der handschriftlichen Zeitung’, Scripta Mercaturae (1975), pp. 3-51.
Goldthwaite, Economy of Renaissance Florence, p. 94.
George Christ, ‘A Newsletter in 1419? Antonio Morosini’s Chronicle in the Light of Commercial Correspondence between Venice and Alexandria’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 20 (2005), pp. 35–66, here pp. 41-2.
Richards, Florentine Merchants, 263; Dahl, Trade, p. 116.
Dahl, Trade, p. 104. They were, however, permitted to play chess, to while away the long evenings.
Dahl, Trade, p. 119.