Комментарии
1

Hogan, D. G. 2007. Selling'em by the sack: White Castle and the creation of American food. New York: NYU Press; Rivkin, J. W. 2001. Reproducing knowledge: Replication without imitation at moderate complexity. Organization Science 12, 3, 274–293; Big bite. 2008. Economist, April 26, p. 107.

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Adamy, J. 2007. Yum uses McDonald's as guide in bid to heat up sales. Wall Street Journal, December 13, A21.

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Teece, D. 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy 15, 285–305.

4

S. P. Schnaars provides numerous case histories of late entrants winning against pioneers. See Schnaars, S. P. 1994. Managing imitation strategies: How late entrants seize markets from pioneers. New York: Free Press.

5

Connor, C. 2008. Interview with author, October 24.

6

See, for instance, Schnaars, Managing imitation strategies.

7

Mansfield, E., Schwartz, M., and Wagner, S. 1981. Imitation costs and patents: An empirical study. Economic Journal 91 (December), 907–918; Levin, R., et al. 1984. Survey research on R&D appropriability and technological opportunity. Working Paper Part 1: Appropriability. New Haven, CT: Yale University; Burns, G. 1995. A Fruit Loop by any other name… BusinessWeek, June 26, 73–76, as cited in Collins-Dodd, C., and Zaichkowsky, J. L. 1999. National brand responses to brand imitation: Retailers versus other manufacturers. Journal of Product and Brand Management 8, 2, 96–105; Belson, K. 2008. Hertz tosses some car keys into the ring, battling Zipcar. Wall Street Journal, December 17, B7.

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The Business of Innovation. CNBC. October 5, 2009.

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The World Bank. 2008. Global economic prospects: Technology diffusion in the developing world. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

10

Agarwal, R., and Gort, M. 2001. First-mover advantage and the speed of competitive entry, 1887–1986. Journal of Law and Economics 44, 1, 161–177 (cite on page 168).

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The World Bank. 2008. Global economic prospects; Agarwal and Gort, First-mover advantage and the speed of competitive entry, 1887–1986; Mansfield, E. 1985. How rapidly does new industrial technology leak out. Journal of Industrial Economics 34, 2, 217–223; Mansfield, E. 1961. Technical change and the rate of imitation. Econometrica 20, 4 (October), 741–766; Mansfield, Schwartz, and Wagner. Imitation costs and patents: An empirical study.

12

Parvis, E. N. 2002. The pharmaceutical industry: Access and outlook. Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers; Bollier, D. 2002. Silent theft: The private plunder of our common wealth. New York: Routledge, 167; Pan American Health Organization Staff. 2007. Health in the Americas. Washington, DC: PAHO; World Health Generic Pharmaceutical Association. 2007. IMS National Sales Perspective. Arlington, VA: Gph A; Frank, R. G, and Seiguer, E. 2003. Generic drug competition in the US: Business briefing. 2003. Pharmagenerics, 65–70; Harris, G. 2002. For drug makers, good times yield to a new profit crunch. Wall Street Journal, April 30, A1.

13

Bowers, P. M. 1989. Boeing aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books.

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Drucker, P. F. 2001. The essential Drucker. New York: Harper Business.

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Coughlan, P. J. 2004. The golden age of home video games: From the reign of Atari to the rise of Nintendo. Case 9-704-487. Boston: Harvard Business School; Christensen, С. M. 1997. The innovator's dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press; Corts, K. S., and Freier, 2003. A brief history of the browser wars. Case 9-703-517. Boston: Harvard Business School; Bryman, A. 1997. Animating the pioneer versus late entrant debate: An historical case study. Journal of Management Studies 34, 3, pp. 415–438; Lewin, A., and Massini, S. 2003. Knowledge creation and organizational capabilities of innovating and imitating firms. Paper presented at the Druid Summer Conference on Creating, Sharing and Transferring Knowledge, Copenhagen, June 12–14.

16

Knowledge@Wharton. 2006. Where will Indian Drug Companies be in Five Years? Everywhere – If They Innovate. Report prepared by Knowledge@Wharton in collaboration with Bain & Company, www.bain.com/bainweb/pdfs/cms/marketing/bain%20India%20 Pharma%20FINAL%203-21-06.pdf.

17

Nordhaus, W. D. 2004. Schumpeterian profits in the American economy: Theory and measurement. Discussion Paper 1457. New Haven, CT: Cowles Foundation.

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Bryman, Animating the pioneer versus late entrant debate: An historical case study.

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Bessen, J., and Maskin, E. 2000. Sequential innovation, patents and imitation. Working Paper. Cambridge, MA: Department of Economics, MIT; Schwartz, M. A. 1978. The imitation and diffusion of industrial innovations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; Mansfield, Schwartz, and Wagner, Imitation costs and patents: An empirical study; Levin et al., Survey research on R&D appropriability and technological opportunity.

20

Tsai, T., and Johnson, I. 2009. As giants step in, Asustek defends a tiny PC. Wall Street Journal, May 2, B1.

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Nordhaus, Schumpeterian profits in the American economy: Theory and measurement; Bayus, B. L., Erickson, G., and Jacobson, R. 2003. The financial rewards of new product introductions in the personal computer industry. Management Science 49, 2, p. 198; Mansfield, E., Rapoport, J., Schnee, J., Wagner, S., and Hamburger, M. 1971. Research and innovation in the modern corporation. New York: Norton.

22

Levitt, T. 1966. The management of reverse R&D or how to imitate your competitor's products before it's too late. Harvard Business Review, September – October, 33–37; cite on 33.

23

Utterback, J. M. 1994. Mastering the dynamics of innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

24

Lewis, M., Rai, A., Forquer, D., and Quinter, D. 2007. UPS and HP: Value creation through supply chain partnerships. Case Study 907D02. London: Ivey School of Business; Hout, Thomas M. 2006. HP's computer business: Can it compete? Case HKU558. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, Asia Case Research Center.

25

Rollins, Kevin. 2007. The Wal-Mart of High Tech? Interview by Bill Breen. Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures LLC. http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/88/dell-rollins.html.

26

Carr, N. G. 2006. How to be a smart innovator. Wall Street Journal, September 11, R7.

27

Moritz, S. 2008. Michael Dell not enough to boost Dells. CNNMoney.com, February 28.

28

Loftus, P. 2008. Pfizer eyes bigger push into generics. Dow Jones Newswires, October 16.

29

Rockoff, J. D. 2009. Drug firm leaves R&D to others. Wall Street Journal, March 2, B6.

30

Nowell, L. 2009. Interview with author, January 12.

31

Cloyd, G. 2009. Interview with author, February 4.

32

Clark, K. 2008. Interview with author, December 11.

33

Cloyd, Interview with author.

34

Nowell, Interview with author.

35

Nunes, P. F., Mulani, N. P., and Gruzin, T. J. 2007. Leading by imitation. Outlook 1, 1–9.

36

Yando, R., Seitz, V., and Zigler, E. 1978. Imitation: A developmental perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Elbaum.

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