David Nemeth. Patterns of Genesis among Peripatetics: Preliminary Notes from the Korean Archipelago, in Aparna Rao, ed. The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cologne: Boehlau Verlag, 1987, 159–178; George de Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma. Japan’s Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966, 20–28; Michael Bollig. Ethnic Relations and Spatial Mobility in Africa: A Review of the Peripatetic Niche, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 179–228; James H. Vaughn, Jr. Caste Systems in the Western Sudan, in Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov, eds. Social Stratification in Africa. New York: Free Press, 1970, 59–92; Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Groups That Don’t Want In: Gypsies and Other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities // Annual Review of Anthropology, 15 (1986): 307–330; Asta Olesen. Peddling in East Afghanistan: Adaptive Strategies of the Peripatetic Sheikh Mohammadi, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 35–64; Hanna Rauber-Schweizer. Trade in Far West Nepal: The Economic Adaptation of the Peripatetic Humli-Khyampa, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 65–88; Philip D. Curtin. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 19. Вслед за большинством антропологов я пользуюсь термином “цыгане”, поскольку не все группы, обычно объединяемые им, говорят на романи или являются “рома” по самообозначению.
Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 186–206; Bruce Masters. The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750. New York: New York University Press, 1988, 82–89; John A. Armstrong. Mobilized and Proletarian Diasporas // American Political Science Review 70, № 2 (June 1976): 400; John A. Armstrong. Nations before Nationalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982, 210.
Ernest Gellner. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, 102; Dominique Casajus. Crafts and Ceremonies: The Inadan in Tuareg Society, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 291–310; William Lancaster and Fidelity Lancaster. The Function of Peripatetics in Rwala Bedouin Society, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 311–322; Hagop Barsoumian. Economic Role of the Armenian Amira Class in the Ottoman Empire // Armenian Review, 31 (March 1979): 310–316; Hillel Levine. Economic Origins of Antisemitism: Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern Period. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991, 59–73.
Edna Bonacich. А Theory of Middleman Minorities // American Sociological Review, 38, no. 5 (October 1973): 583–594; Paul Mark Axelrod. А Social and Demographic Comparison of Parsis, Saraswat Brahmins and Jains in Bombay. Ph. D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1974, 26–39, 60; Charles A. Jones. International Business in the Nineteenth Century: The Rise and Fall of a Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie. Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1987, esp. 50 and 81–84; T. M. Luhrmann. The Good Parsi: The Fate of a Colonial Elite in a Postcolonial Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, 78–91; D. Stanley Eitzen. Two Minorities: The Jews of Poland and the Chinese of the Philippines // Jewish Journal of Sociology 10, № 2 (December 1968): 221–240; Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds. Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997, см. в особенности предисловие редакторов; Joel Kotkin. Tribes: How Race, Religion, and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy. New York: Random House, 1993, 170–180; Thomas Sowell. Migrations and Cultures: A World View. New York: Basic Books, 1996; Edgar Wickberg. Localism and the Organization of Overseas Migration in the Nineteenth Century, in Gary G. Hamilton. Cosmopolitan Capitalists. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999, 35–55; Yuan-li Wu and Chun-hsi Wu. Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Chinese Dimension. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1980; Linda Y. C. Lim and L. A. Peter Gosling, eds. The Chinese in Southeast Asia, vols. 1 and 2. Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1983; Lynn Pan. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1990, 23–152; Agehananda Bharati. The Asians in East Africa: Jayhind and Ururu. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1972, 11–22, 36, 42–116; Pierre L. van den Berghe. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Praeger, 1987, 135–156; Dana April Seidenberg. Mercantile Adventurers: The World of East African Asians, 1750–1985. New Delhi: New Age International, 1996; Albert Hourani and Nadim Shehadi, eds. The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration. London: Center for Lebanese Studies, 1992; William K. Crowley. The Levantine Arabs: Diaspora in a New World // Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers 6 (1974): 137–142; R. Bayly Winder. The Lebanese in West Africa // Comparative Studies in Society and History 4 (1961–1962): 296–333; H. L. van der Laan. The Lebanese Traders in Sierra Leone. The Hague: Mouton, 1975.
Norman O. Brown. Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1947; Marcel Detienne and Jean-Pierre Vernant, Cunning Intelligence in Greek Culture and Society. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978; Laurence Kahn. Hèrmus passe ou les ambiguités de la communication. Paris: François Maspero, 1978; W. B. Stanford. The Ulysses Theme: A Study in Adaptability of a Traditional Hero. Dallas: Spring Publications, 1992.
George Gmelch and Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Commercial Nomadism: Occupation and Mobility among Travellers in England and Wales, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 134; Matt T. Salo. The Gypsy Niche in North America: Some Ecological Perspectives on the Exploitation of Social Environments, Rao, The Other Nomads, 94; Judith Okely. The Traveller-Gypsies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, 58–60; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 70; Clifford Geertz. Peddlers and Princes: Social Change and Economic Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963, 43–44; Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog. eds. Life Is with People: The Culture of the Shtetl. New York: Schocken Books, 1952, 62; Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism, 42; Daniel J. Elazar. The Jewish People as the Classic Diaspora, in Gabriel Sheffer, ed. Modern Diasporas in International Politics. London: Croom Helm, 1986, 215.
Brian L. Foster. Ethnicity and Commerce // American Ethnologist 1, № 3 (August 1974): 441. See also Cristina Blanc Szanton. Thai and Sino-Thai in Small Town Thailand: Changing Patterns of Interethnic relations, in Lim and Gosling, eds., The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2: 99–125.
Benjamin Nelson. The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969; Max Weber. Ancient Judaism. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1952: 338–345; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 5–6; Alejandro Portes. Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Immigration: A Conceptual Overview, in Alejandro Portes, ed. The Economic Sociology of Immigration: Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995, 14; L. A. Peter Gosling. Changing Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Review, in Lim and Gosling, The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2: 4. Очень хорошее обсуждение, включающее две приведенные выше цитаты (и многие другие), содержится в работе Mark Granovetter. The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs, in Portes, The Economic Sociology of Immigration.
Donald L. Horowitz. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985, 119; Casajus, Crafts and Ceremonies, 303; de Vos and Wagatsuma, Japan’s Invisible Race, 231; Werner Sombart. The Jews and Modern Capitalism. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1913, 138; Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 322–323.
Joseph C. Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 253; Gmelch, “Groups That Don’t Want In”, 320–321; Anne Sutherland. The Body as a Social Symbol among the Rom, in John Blacking, ed. The Anthropology of the Body. London: Academic Press, 1977, 376.
Тайна Израиля: “Еврейский вопрос” в русской религиозной мысли конца XIX – первой половины XX в. (СПб.: София, 1993), 251. Все переводы без атрибуции сделаны автором.
Yuri Slezkine. Naturalists versus Nations: Eighteenth-Century Russian Scholars Confront Ethnic Diversity // Representations 47 (Summer 1994): 174, 180–182; Max Weber. Ancient Judaism. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1952, 351–355.
Vaughn, Caste Systems, 77–79; Sutherland, The Body, 378–380; Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 83–85; Axelrod, А Social and Demographic Comparison, 51–54, 61–62.
Матфей 15:11.
См. в особенности: Sutherland, The Body, and Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 102; Max Weber. The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963, 109; David Nemeth. Gypsy Taskmasters, Gentile Slaves, in Matt T. Salo, ed. The American Kalderas: Gypsies in the New World. Hackettstown, N. J.: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1981, 29–41.
Cм.: Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 8–19; and Paul Wexler, The Case for the Relexification Hypothesis in Romani, in Julia Horvath and Paul Wexler, eds. Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, 100–161. Очень полезный обзор см. в: Yaron Matras. Para-Romani Revisited, in Yaron Matras. ed. The Romani Element in Non-Standard Speech. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998, 1–27.
Основные аргументы (в указанном порядке) см. в работах: (1) Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 103f; (2) Ian F. Hancock. The Social and Linguistic Development of Angloromani // Working Papers in Sociolinguistics, № 38 (December 1977): 1–42; also Ian F. Hancock. Is Anglo-Romanes a Creole? // Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 49, № 1–2 (1970): 41–44; (3) Norbert Boretzky and Birgit lgla. Romani Mixed Dialects, in Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous, eds. Mixed Languages: Fifteen Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT, 1994, 35–68; and Norbert Boretzky. Der Romani-Wortschatz in den Romani-Misch-Dialekten (Pararomani), in Matras, The Romani Element, 97–132; (4) Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous. Introduction, and Peter Bakker. Michif, The CreeFrench Mixed Language of the Métis Buffalo Hunters in Canada, in Bakker and Mous, Mixed Languages, 1–11 and 13–33; and (5) Jakob Ladefoged. Romani Elements in Non-Standard Scandinavian Varieties, in Matras, The Romani Element, 133–164.
Olesen, Peddling in East Afghanistan, 36; Bollig, Ethnic Relations, 204, 214.
Casajus, Crafts and Ceremonies, 308–309; Bollig, Ethnic Relations, 214; Hancock, The Social and Linguistic Development, 29; Anthony P. Grant, Shelta: The Secret Language of Irish Travellers Viewed as a Mixed Language, in Bakker and Mous, Mixed Languages, 135–136; R. A. Stewart Macalister. The Secret Languages of Ireland, with Special Reference to the Origin and Nature of the Shelta Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937, 132.
Цитируется в Macalister, The Secret Languages, 134–135.
Solomon A. Birnbaum. Yiddish: A Survey and Grammar. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1979, 76, 106.
Max Weinreich. History of the Yiddish Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, 95–124.
Paul Wexler. The Ashkenazic Jews: A Slavo-Turkic People in Search of a Jewish Identity. Columbus: Slavica, 1993, 59–60 and passim; Dell Hymes. Introduction, in Dell Hymes, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, 76, 77–78, 86–87 (цитата взята со с. 86); см. также: Іап F. Hancock. Recovering Pidgin Genesis: Approaches and Problems, in Albert Valdman ed. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977, 277–294, esp. 289–290, and Ian F. Hancock, Appendix: Repertory of Pidgin and Creole Languages, там же, 385.
Birnbaum, Yiddish, 82 and passim; Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, 29, 350–351, 599f and passim; Joshua A. Fishman. Yiddish: Turning to Life. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1991, 19–35, 189–201.
О категории “смешанных языков” см.: Bakker, Michif, 25–26. Нет сомнения, что с точки зрения грамматического строя и словарного запаса идиш – германский язык; уникальными (среди германских языков) являются история его возникновения и функционирование.
Matras, Para-Romani Revisited, 21; Yaron Matras. The Romani Element in German Secret Languages, in Matras, The Romani Element, 193–194; Hancock, “Recovering Pidgin Genesis”, 290.
Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, 199, 605.
Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 47–59.
Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, 168–169.
Michael J. Casimir In Search of Guilt: Legends on the Origin of the Peripatetic Niche, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 373–390; Olesen, Peddling in East Afghanistan, 36; Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 216.
Lancaster and Lancaster, The Function of Peripatetics, 319.
Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 143. См. также: Bonacich, А Theory of Middleman Minorities, 586.
О “корпоративном родстве” см.: William G. Davis. Social Relations in a Philippine Market: Self-Interest and Subjectivity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973, 199–200; и Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143–146.
Sutherland, The Body, 377–378; Matt T. Salo, Gypsy Ethnicity: Implications of Native Categories and Interaction for Ethnic Classification, 78–79; Ignacy-Marck Kaminski. The Dilemma of Power: Internal and External Leadership. The Gypsy-Roma of Poland, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 332–334.
Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 42, 149; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 147–153.
Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 228–230, 241–244. Цитата взята со с. 229.
Ivan Н. Light. Ethnie Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972, 45–61, 81–100; Linda Y. C. Lim. Chinese Economic Activity in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Review” in Lim and Gosling, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, 1: 5; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 230; Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 111–127.
Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143; see also Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 586–587; and van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 139–144.
Цитируется в: Albert S. Lindemann. Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 5.
Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 50.
Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249; Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 314; Maurice Samuel. The World of Sholom Aleichem. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943)], 131.
Detienne and Vernant, Cunning Intelligence, 47–48.
Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249.
Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 314.
Jacob Katz. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770–1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, 22.
Сравни: Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 103–109; Kotkin, Tribes, passim.
Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 91–95, 119; Jamsheed K. Choksy, Evil, Good, and Gender: Facets of the Feminine in Zoroastrian Religious History. New York: Peter Lang, 2002, 109.
Dario A. Euraque. The Arab-Jewish Economic Presence in San Pedro Sula, the Industrial Capital of Honduras: Formative Years, 1880s–1930s”, in Ignacio Klich and Jeffrey Lesser, eds. Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. London: Frank Cass, 1998, 95, 109; Clark S. Knowlton. The Social and Spatial Mobility of the Syrian and Lebanese Community in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 292–293, 302–303; David Nicholls. Lebanese of the Antilles: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 339–360; Crowley, The Levantine Arabs, 139; Nancie L. Gonzalez. Dollar, Dove, and Eagle: One Hundred Years of Palestinian Migration to Honduras. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992, 93–100; Amy Chua. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday, 2003, 116, 149–150.
David Himbara. Kenyan Capitalists, the State, and Development. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994, 45; Kotkin, Tribes, 103, 205–209, 229; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 310–311, 344; Chua, World on Fire, 113, 157–158.
Chua, World on Fire, 3, 36–37, 43, 34–35; Bambang Harymurti, Challenges of Change in Indonesia // Journal of Democracy 10, № 4 (1999): 9–10; Kotkin, Tribes, 165–200; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 175–176.
См., к примеру: Robert E. Kennedy, Jr. The Protestant Ethic and the Parsis // American Journal of Sociology 68, № 1 (July 1962): 11–20; Balwant Nevaskar. Capitalists without Capitalism: The Jains of India and the Quakers of the West. Westport, Conn: Greenwood, 1971; Peter L. Berger and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, eds. In Search of an East Asian Development Mode! New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books, 1988; S. Gordon Redding. Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks, in Gary G. Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 27–42; Robert N. Bellah. Tokugawa Religion: The Cultural Roots of Modern Japan; Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism. New York: Free Press, 1985. Макс Вебер пытается доказать, что только христиане-протестанты могли создать современный капитализм, но при этом, очевидно, исходит из того, что, будучи созданным, капитализм находит некоторые религии (включая и приведенные в нашем списке) более подходящими, чем другие. См. его Sociology of Religion, гл. XV–XVI, и в особенности Ancient Judaism.
Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 19, 375. Косвенные предположения того же рода см. в Bonacich, “A Theory of Middleman Minorities”, 588; Gonzalez, Dollar, Dove, and Eagle, 81–92; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, passim.
См. в особенности: Wong-Siu-lun, Chinese Entrepreneurs and Business Trust; S. Gordon Redding, Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks; and Gary G. Hamilton. The Organizational Foundations of Western and Chinese Commerce: A Historical and Comparative Analysis, and The Theoretical Significance of Asian Business Networks, in Gary G. Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 13–26, 27–42, 43–58 and 283–298; Davis, Social Relations in a Philippine Market, 199–200; Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143–146; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140–143.
Francis Fukuyama. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995, 74, 85, 97–112.
Fukuyama, Там же, passim.
Eitzen, Two Minorities, 223; см. также: Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 31–34.
Nicholls, Lebanese of the Antilles, 348–349; Brenda Gayle Plummer, Race, Nationality, and Trade in the Caribbean: The Syrians in Haiti, 1903–1934 // International History Review 3, № 4 (October 1981): 517–539; Brenda Gayle Plummer. Between Privilege and Opprobrium: The Arabs and Jews in Haiti, in Klich and Lesser, Arab and Jewish Immigrants, 88–89.
Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 4–5; Winder, The Lebanese in West Africa, 300; Anthony Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, Nationalism, and the State, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 56, 69 n. 61. См. также: Kasian Tejapira, Imagined Uncommunity: The Lookjin Middle Class and Thai Official Nationalism, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 75–98.
Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 155; Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 97–98; Seidenberg, Mercantile Adventurers, 203–204; Chua, World on Fire, 114. Амин цитируется по Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1972, процитированной в: Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 591.
Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 213–214, 215–219; Chua, World on Fire, 36, 44–45; Mary F. Somers Heidhues. Southeast Asia’s Chinese Minorities. Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia: Longman, 1974, 80–86; Garth Alexander. Silent Invasion: The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Macdonald, 1973, 130–143; Ben Kiernan, Kampuchea’s Ethnic Chinese under Pol Pot // Journal of Contemporary Asia 16, № 1 (1986): 18–29; Wu and Wu, Economic Development, 39–40; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 224–225; Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, 61; Harymurti, “]Challenges of Change, 9–10. Последняя цитата взята из: Abidin Kusno. Remembering/Forgetting the May Riots: Architecture, Violence, and the Making of Chinese Cultures in Post – 1998 Jakarta // Public Culture 15, № 1 (2003): 149.