Гайдар Е. Гибель империи. Уроки для современной России. – М.: Российская политическая энциклопедия, 2007.
Vagit Alekperov, Oil of Russia: Past, Present & Future (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2011), pp. 323–328.
Randolph S. Churchill, Winston Churchill, vol. 2, Young Statesman, 1901–1914 (London: Heinemann, 1968), p. 529 («bully»); Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 1 (New York: Scribners, 1928), pp. 130–36.
Интервью с Робертом Андерсоном.
«George Bissell: Compiled by his Grandson, Pelham St. George Bissell,» Dartmouth College Library; Paul H. Giddens, The Birth of the Oil Industry (New York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 52, chap. 3; Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 1, The Age of Illumination, 1859–1899 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1959), pp. 23–24. Giddens and Williamson and Daum are basic sources. Paul H. Giddens, Pennsylvania Petroleum, 1750–1872: A Documentary History (Titusville: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1947), p. 54 («Seneca oil»); J.T. Henry, The Early and Later History of Petroleum (Philadelphia: Jas. B. Rodgers Co., 1873), pp. 82–83; Henry H. Townsend, New Haven and the First Oil Well (New Haven, 1934), pp. 1–3 («curative powers» and poem).
Gerald T. White, Scientists in Conflict: The Beginnings of the Oil Industry in California (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1968), pp. 38–45 (on Silliman); Petroleum Gazette, April 8, 1897, p. 8; Paul H. Giddens, The Begnnings of the Oil Industry: Sources and Bibliography (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1941), pp. 23 («I can promise»), 62 («unexpected success»); Giddens, Beginnings of the Oil Industry: Sources, pp. 33–35, 40 («hardest times»), 38, 8 («turning point»); B. Silliman, Jr., Report on the Rock Oil, or Petroleum, from Venango Co., Pennsylvania (New Haven: J. H. Benham's, 1855), pp. 9–10, 20.
Abraham Gesner, A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum, and Other Distilled Oils, ed. George W. Gesner, 2d ed. (New York: Baillie're Bros., 1865), chap. 1; Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 53; Kendall Beaton, «Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining», Business History Review 29 (March 1955), pp. 35–41 («new liquid hydrocarbon»); Gregory Patrick Nowell, «Realpolitik vs. Transnational Rent-Seeking: French Mercantilism and the Development of the World Oil Cartel, 1860–1939» (Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1988), pp. 104–08; Business History Review, ed., Oil's First Century (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1960), pp. 8 («coal oils»), 19 («impetuous energy»).
R. J. Forbes, Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1936), pp. 11–21, 57 («incredible miracles»), 92 («eyelashes»), 95–99; R.J.Forbes, Studies in Early Petroleum History (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958), pp. 150–53; R. J. Forbes, More Studies in Early Petroleum History (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959), pp. 20 («unwearied fire»), 71 («pitch and tow»).
S. J. M. Eaton, Petroleum: A History of the Oil Region of Venango County, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: J. B. Skelly & Co., 1865), pp. 211–13; Beaton, «Dr. Gesner's Kerosene,» pp. 44–45.
«Brief Development of the Petroleum Industry in Penn. Prepared at the Request of and Under the Supervision of James M. Townsend,» D-14, Drake Well Museum («Oh Townsend»).
E. L. Drake manuscript, D-96, Drake Well Museum, p. 4 («I had made up my mind»); Herbert Asbury, The Golden Flood: An Informal History of America's First Oil Field (New York: Knopf, 1942), pp. 52–53 (Drake to Townsend); Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 30–31, 59–61 («Yankee»).
Forbes, More Studies in Early Petroleum History, p. 141 («light of the age»); Giddens, Beginnings of the Oil Industry: Sources, pp. 81–83 (Bissell to wife), 59 («I claim»); Leon Burr Richardson, «Brief Biographies of Buildings – Bissell Hall,» Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, February 1943, pp. 18–19; Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 349 («name and fame»); Townsend, «Brief Development,» D-14, Drake Well Museum («whole plan»); Giddens, Pennsylvania Petroleum, p. 189 («milk of human kindness»).
Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 71 («hive of bees»), 169, 95 («mine is ruined»).
Paul H. Giddens, The American Petroleum Industry: Its Beginnings in Pennsylvania! (New York: Newcomen Society, 1959), p. 28; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 87, 123–24 («profits of petroleum» and «assailed Congress»), chap. 9.
Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, p. 137 («smells»); William С Darrah, Pithole: The Vanished City (Gettysburg, Pa., 1972), pp. 34–35 («liquor and leases» and «vile liquor»), 230–31; Giddens, American Petroleum Industry, p. 21 (song titles); Paul H. Giddens, Early Days of Oil: A Pictorial History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), p. 17 («Oil on the brain»).
Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 375–77, 759 («hidden veins»), app. E; August W. Giebelhaus, Business and Government in the Oil Industry: A Case Study of Sun Oil, 1876–1945 (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1980), p. 2.
Andrew Cone and Walter R. Johns, Petrolia: A Brief History of the Pennsylvania Petroleum Region (New York: D. Appleton, 1870), pp. 99–100 («Oil Creek mud»); Henry, Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 286; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 125–26 («oil and land excitement»); Samuel W. Tait, Jr., The Wildcatters: An Informal History of Oil-Hunting in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946), pp. 26–31.
John J. McLaurin, Sketches in Crude Oil, 3rd ed. (Franklin, Penn., 1902), 3d ed., pp. 316–21; Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 182–83 («favorite speculative commodity»); John H. Barbour, «Sketch of the Pittsburgh Oil Exchange,» Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 11 (July 1928), pp. 127–43.
John D. Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences of Men and Events (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909), p. 81 («I'll go no higher»); Allan Nevins, Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist (New York: Scribners, 1953), vol. 1, pp. 35–36 («I ever point»). Nevins remains the standard biographical source.
David Freeman Hawke, John D.: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), pp. 2–6, 27; Grace Goulder, John D. Rockefeller: The Cleveland Years (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1972), p. 10 («trade with the boys»); John K. Winkler, John D.: A Portrait in Oils (New York: Vanguard Press, 1929), p. 14; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 10–14 («something big» and «methodical»); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, p. 46 («intimate conversations»).
Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 19 («Great Game»); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 81 («All sorts»), 21 («bookkeeper»); John Ise, The United States Oil Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), pp. 48–49.
Edward N. Akin, Flagler: Rockefeller Partner and Florida Baron (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1988), pp. 3–18, 19 («competition» and «Keep your head»), 27 («A friendship»); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 11 («vim and push»), 13 («walks»), 19; John T. Flynn, God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times (London: George Harrap & Co., 1933), p. 172 («bold, unscrupulous»); John W. Martin, Henry M. Flagler (1830–1913): Florida's East Coast Is His Monument! (New York: Newcomen Society, 1956), pp. 8–11 («American Riviera»).
John G. McLean and Robert W. Haigh, The Growth of Integrated Oil Companies (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1954), pp. 59–63; W. Trevor Halliday, John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937): Industrial Pioneer and Man (New York: Newcomen Society, 1948), p. 14 («standard quality»); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 80–83 («Who would ever»), 97 («independently rich»), 99–100 («idea was mine»); Hawke, John D., pp. 44–46, 54 («independence of woman»), Dictation by Mr. Rockefeller, June 7, 1904, Rockefeller family, JDR, Jr., Business Interviews, Box 118, «S.O. Company – Misc.» folder, Rockefeller archives («It was desirable»).
Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 107 («crudest»), 117 («Monster» and «Forty Thieves»), 128, 114–15 («newspaper articles» and «private contracts»), 104 («try our plan»), 172 («mining camp»); Chester McArthur Destler, Roger Sherman and the Independent Oil Men (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967), pp. 28, 34 («but one buyer»), 37 («dry up Titusville»).
David Freeman Hawke, ed., John D. Rockefeller Interview, 1917–1920: Conducted by William O. Inglis (Westport, Conn, Meckler Publishing, 1984), pp. 4 («cut-throat»), 6 («safe and profitable»); Hawke, John D., pp. 79 («war or peace»), 106 («good sweating»), 170 («brass band»); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 216 («feel sick»), 224 («barrel famine»), 223 («Morose»); Akin, Flagler, p. 67 («blankets»); McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil, p. 63.
Archbold to Rockefeller, September 2, 1884, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.51.379), Business Interests, 1879–1894, RG 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Jerome Thomas Bentley, «The Effects of Standard Oil's Vertical Integration into Transportation on the Structure and Performance of the American Petroleum Industry, 1872–1884» (Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, 1976), p. 27.
Archbold to Rockefeller, August 15, 1888, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.51.378), Business Interests, 1879–1894, RG 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Destler, Roger Sherman, pp. 85 («overweening»), 95 («Autocrat»), 132 («gang of thieves»); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 337 («Rockefeller will get you»).
Interview with Mr. Rogers, 1903, T-003, Tarbell papers («every foot» and inheritance); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 132–34 («pleasant» and «clamorer»); С. Т. White folder (87.1.59), Box 134, Business Interests, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., papers, Rockefeller archives (stockholding); Ralph W. Hidy and Muriel E. Hidy, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) vol. 1, Pioneering in Big Business, 1882–1911 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955), p. 6 («You gentlemen»).
Flynn, God's Gold, p. 131 («everything count»); Standard Oil – Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, Tarbell papers (espionage); Halliday, Rockefeller, p. 20; Hawke, John D., p. 50 («Hope if»); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 6 («not… easiest of tasks»), 10 («just how fast»); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 324 («smarter than I»).
Goulder, Rockefeller, p. 223 («wise old owl»); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 331, 326 («expose as little»), 157 («wonder how old»), 337 («anxiety»), 328 («ten letters»); vol. 2, p. 427 («unemotional man»); Ida M. Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company (New York: McClure, Phillips & Company, 1904), vol. 1, pp. 105–06.
Vinnie Crandall Hicks to Ida Tarbell, June 29,1905, T-020 and Marshall Bond to Ida Tarbell, July 3, 1905, T-021, Tarbell papers («Sunday school» and «Buzz»); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 25–26; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 84 («dentist's chair»), 91–95 («poulets» and «life principle»), 193–94 («best investment» and «spare change»); William Manchester, A Rockefeller Family Portrait, from John D. to Nelson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), pp. 25–26; Flynn, God's Gold, pp. 232–35, 280.
Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, p. 58 («volume»); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, p. 320 («length of life»); Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Women's Home or Principles of Domestic Science (New York: J. B. Ford, 1869), pp. 362–63 («explosions»).
Willamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 526 («gas bill»), 678, 249 («sewing circles»); Gerald Carson, The Old Country Store (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 188 («lively country store»).
Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 177–78 («Our business» and «drink every gallon»), 8; Paul H. Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana): Oil Pioneer of the Middle West (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1955), p. 2 («vanishing phenomena»); S. Cornifort to Archbold, June 27,1885, Box 51, Archbold folder (1.5.379), Business Interests, 1879–1894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives («one hundred to one»), Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, p. 3; Edgar Wesley Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders: A History of Exploration for Oil (Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1975), pp. 124–26.
Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), pp. 2–7 («skunk juice»); Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 7–9; Hawke, John D., pp. 182–83 («conservative brethren»); 185; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 3, 101 («Buy»).
Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), p. 19 («entirely ignorant»); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 279 (Seep), 87; Gilbert Montagu, The Rise and Progress of the Standard Oil Company (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1903), p. 132 («best possible consensus»).
Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, pp. 60 («large scale»), 29; Halliday, Rockefeller, pp. 10 («instinctively realized»), 16 («conceived the idea»); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 120–21, 38–39 (Mineral Resources); Destler, Roger Sherman, pp. 47 («body and soul»), 192; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 54, 78, 129 («success unparalleled»); J. W. Fawcett, T-082, Tarbell papers.
Lockhart interview, p. 3, T-003 (with Rogers interview), Tarbell papers («Give the poor man»); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, p. 402 («day of combination»); vol. 2, pp. 379–87; Mark Twain with Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (NewYork: TridentPress, 1964), pp. 271 («giant schemes»), 1; Flynn, God's Gold, pp. 4–5; Tarbell, History of Standard Oil, vol. 2, p. 31 («cut to kill»).
Giddens, The Birth of the Oil Industry, pp. 96–98 («Yankee invention»); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 488–89 («drill»); J. D. Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport: Evolution of the Tank Steamer (London: Bradbury, Agnew 8(Co., 1907), pp. 5, 172–74; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 122–23 («forced its way»).
Giddens, Birth of the Oil Industry, p. 99 («safe to calculate»); Robert W. Tolf, The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1976), chaps. l and 2, pp. 41–46 («pillars» and «walnut money»); Boverton Redwood, Petroleum: A Treatise, 4th ed. (London: Charles Griffen & Co., 1922), vol. 1, pp. 3–9 (Marco Polo), 36–46; Forbes, Studies in Early Petroleum History, pp. 154–62; John P. McKay, «Entrepreneurship and the Emergence of the Russian Petroleum Industry, 1813–1883,» Research in Economic History 8 (1982), pp. 63–64.
Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders, pp. 4, 150; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 108 («Oil King»), 149 («Nobelites»); J. D. Henry, Baku: An Eventful History (London: Archibald, Constable & Co., 1905), pp. 51–52; Williamson and Damn, Age of Illumination, pp. 637–41 («difficulty»), 517; W. J. Kelly and Tsureo Kano, «Crude Oil Production in the Russian Empire, 1818–1919,» Journal of European Economic History 6 (Fall 1977), pp. 309–10; McKay, «Entrepreneurship,» pp. 48–55, 87 («greatest triumphs»).
Charles Marvin, The Region of Eternal Fire: An Account of a Journey to the Petroleum Region of the Caspian in 1883, new ed. (London: W. H. Allen, 1891), pp. 234–35 («chimney-pot»); Sidney Pollard and Conn Holmes, Industrial Power and National Rivalry, 1870–1914, vol. 2 of Documents of European Economic History (London: Edward Arnold, 1972), pp. 108–10 («American kerosene»); С. E. Stewart, «Petroleum Field of South Eastern Russia,» 1886, Russia File, Oil, Box C-8, Pearson papers; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 80–86 («main point» and «speculation»); Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, p. 519 («2000 miles»); Bertrand Gille, «Capitaux Français et Pétroles Russes (1884–94),» Histoire de Enterprises 12 (November 1963), p. 19; Virginia Cowles, The Rothschilds: A Family of Fortune (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973), chaps. 7–8; Henry, Baku, pp. 74, 79.
Archbold to Rockefeller, August 19, 1884, and July 6, 1886, Archbold folder (1.5.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 1878–1894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives. Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 47–48 («fountains»); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, p. 116; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 138–39 («Russian competition»).
Archbold to Rockefeller, July 6, 1886, Archbold folder (1.5.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 1879–1894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil vol. 1, pp. 147–53 (poem and «competitive commerce»); Henry, Baku, p. 116; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 96–97, 107–09; Nicholas Halasz, Nobel: A Biography of Alfred Nobel (New York: Orion Press, 1959), pp. 3–5 («dynamite king»), 211–13.
Shady (англ.) – ненадежный, жуликоватый. – Прим. пер.
Race (англ.) – забег; раса (игра слов). – Прим. пер.
Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel: First Viscount Bearsted and Founder of the 'Shell' Transport and Trading Company, 1853–1927 (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1960), pp. 74–75 («go-between»), 44 («lovely day»). Книга Хенрикса является не только биографией Сэмюеля, но и наиболее полной работой о становлении Shell. Geoffrey Jones, The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry (London: Macmillan, 1981), pp. 19–20 («Shady Lane»).
Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 80 («powerful company»), 96, 83, 112 («Hebrew influence»), 108 («to block»); Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport, pp. 41–47.
Хибати – вид японской жаровни. – Прим. ред.
«Petroleum in Bulk and the Suez Canal,» Economist, January 9, 1892, pp. 36–38; Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 109–11 («got cheaper»), 138–40 («wire handles»); Henry, Thirty-five Years of Oil Transport, p. 50; R. J. Forbes and D. R. O'Beirne, The Technical Development of the Royal Dutch/Shell, 1890–1940 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1957), pp. 529–30.
Олдермен – член муниципалитета, представляющий район (в Лондоне). – Прим. пер.
Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 52–54 («two brothers»).
Archbold to Rockefeller, December 15, 1891, Frank Rockefeller folder, Box 64; Archbold to Rockefeller, July 13 («quite confident»), July 22, 1892, Archbold folder (1.51.381), Box 51, Business Interests, 1878–1894, R.G. 1.2, Rockefeller archives. Gille, «Capitaux Francais et Pe'troles Russes,» pp. 43–48 («crisis»); Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 116–117 («on behalf»); F. С Gerretson, History of the Royal Dutch, vol. 2 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955), p. 35. Geltetson's 4-volume work extensively details the rise of Royal Dutch.
Малайзия была образована лишь в 1963 г. Вероятно, имеются в виду британские колонии, вошедшие впоследствии в состав Федерации Малайзии, а именно Малайя, Саравак или Сабах. – Прим. ред.
Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 22 («earth oil»), 89–90 («won't bend»), 129–34 («do not feel» and «mighty storm»), 163–65 («Half-heartedness» and «stagnate»), 171 («things go wrong»), 224 («object of terror»), 174 («pretend to be poor»).
Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 261–67 (Standard reps in East Indies, «Every day,» «Dutch obstacles» and «sentimental barrier»); Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 282–84 («into its power»); vol. 2, p. 48 («pity»); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 181 («Dutchman»), 184 («still open»).
Gerald T. White, Formative Years in the Far West: A History of Standard Oil of California and Its Predecessors Through 1919 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962), pp. 199, 267, 269.
Harold G. Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, 1875–1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 180–81 («fuzz on a bee»); Arthur A. Bright, Jr., The Electric Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947 (New York: Macmillan, 1949), pp. 68–69; Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), pp. 55, 73, 176, 227 («Londoners»); Leslie Hannah, Electricity Before Nationalization (London: Macmillan, 1979), chap. 1.
James J. Flink, America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), pp. 42–50 («Get a horse,» «skeptical» and «theme for jokers»), 64 («automobile is the idol»); John B. Rae, American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years (Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1959), pp. 33 («Horseless Carriage fever»), 31; George S. May, A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing, 1975), pp. 56–57; Allan Nevins, Ford: The Times, the Man, the Company, vol. 1 (New York: Scribners, 1954), pp. 133, 168, 237, 442–57.
Williamson and Daunt, Age of Illumination, pp. 569–81; Arthur M. Johnson, The Development of American Petroleum Pipelines: A Study in Private Enterprise and Public Policy, 1862–1906 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956), pp. 173–83 («gloved hand»); Austin Leigh Moore, John D. Archbold and the Early Development of Standard Oil (New York: Macmillan, [1930]), pp. 197–202 («champions of independence»).
White, Standard Oil of California, pp. 8–13 («fabulous wealth» and «without limit»).
Spindle (англ.) – веретено. – Прим. пер.
Буффало Билл – прозвище Коуди Уильяма Фредерика (1846–1917), известного скаута и шоумена в США. – Прим. ред.
Patillo Higgins Oral History, II, pp. 7–9; Carl Coke Rister, Oil! Titan of the Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949), pp. 3–5, 34, 56–59; James A. Clark and Michael T. Halbouty, Spindletop (New York: Random House, 1952), pp. 4–5, 22, 27, 38–42 («Tell that Captain»); John O. King, Joseph Stephen Cullinan: A Study of Leadership in the Texas Petroleum Industry, 1897–1937 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), pp. 12–21, 17 («Dash and push»). F. Lucas to E. DeGolyer, May 6, 1920, 1074 («visions»); John Galey to E. DeGolyer, August 22, 1941, 535, DeGolyer papers. Mody С Boatwright and William A. Owen, Tales from the Derrick Floor (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970), p. 14 («Dr. Drill»); W.L.Mellon and Boyden Sparkes, Judge Mellon's Sons (Pittsburgh, 1948), pp. 148–50 («bewitched»); Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel p. 346 («example»).
Swindl (англ.) – надувательство. – Прим. пер.
Young Ladies Oil Company (англ.) – дословно «Нефтяная компания молоденьких девушек». – Прим. пер.
Allen Hamill Oral History, I, pp. 20–21 («All»), 34; James Kinnear Oral History, I, pp. 15–19, II, p. 16; T. A. Rickard, «Anthony F. Lucas and the Beaumont Gusher,» Mining and Scientific Press, December 22, 1917, pp. 887–94; Rister, Oill, pp. 60–67; Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 88–89 («X-ray eyes»); Burt Hull, «Founding of the Texas Company: Some of Its Early History,» pp. 8–9, Collection 6850, Continental Oil, University of Wyoming.
Shell (англ.) – ракушка. – Прим. пер.
Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 353 («pioneers»), 341–45 («magnitude» and «opponent»), 349, 350 («failure of supplies»); Harold F. Williamson, Ralph L. Andreano, Arnold R. Daum, and Gabert С. Klose, The American Petroleum Industry, vol. 2, The Age of Energy, 1899–1959 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1963), pp. 16, 22; Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 100–01.
Modus vivendi (лат.) – временное соглашение, урегулирование. – Прим. пер.
Mellon, Judge Melton's Sons, pp. 153–162 («epic card game» and «real way»), 269 («We're out»), 276–78 («just about as bad» and «good management»), 274–75 («main problem»); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 462–66 (Samuel's diary).
Mellon, Judge Mellon's Sons, pp. 272–73 («Standard made the price,» «at the mercy» and «by your leave»), 282 («marketable»), 284 («hitch onto»); John G. McLean and Robert Haigh, The Growth of Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 78–79; King, Cullinan, p. 179 («throwed me out»). On the fate of the pioneers: Rickard, «Anthony F. Lucas,» p. 892; Oillnvestors Journal, March 1, 1904, p. 3 («Owing» and «milked too hard»); Clark and Halbouty, Spindletop, pp. 123–27(«whole honor»); Thomas Galey, «Guffey and Galey and the Genesis of the Gulf Oil Corporation,» January 1951, P448 (Gulf Oil), Petroleum Collection, University of Wyoming («Difficult times» and «lost track»); Al Hamill to Thomas W. Galey, February 21, 1951, P448 (Gulf Oil), Petroleum Collection, University of Wyoming («dribble»).
August W. Giebelhaus, Sun Oil, 1876–1945, pp. 42–43 («five cents»).
Buck skin (англ.) – оленья кожа. – Прим. пер.
Hog (англ.) – в данном случае «грубиян». – Прим. пер.
Curt Hamill Oral History, II, p. 29 («Hogg's my name»); Robert С. Cotner, James Stephen Hogg (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1959), pp. 437–39 («Northern men»); King, Cullinan, pp. 107 («Tammany»), 180–82 («time will come»), 186 («butt into everything»), 190–94 («Texas deals» and «boarding-house brawl»).
С разработкой месторождений в северной части побережья Мексиканского залива и в Калифорнии контроль Standard над внутренней нефтедобычей сократился с 90 % в 1880 г. до 60–65 % в 1911 г. Business History Review, ed., Oil's First Century (Boston: Harvard Business School, 1960), pp. 73–82; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 416, 473, 462; Joseph A. Pratt, «The Petroleum Industry in Transition: Antitrust and the Decline of Monopoly Control in Oil,» Journal of Economic History 40 (December 1980), pp. 815–37; Ida Tarbell, All in the Day's Work (New York: Macmillan, 1939), p. 215 («no end of the oil»).
Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 213–214 («craze» and «Our friends»); Bruce Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly: The Standard Oil Cases, 1890–1911 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979), pp. 25 («Clam»), 52–58 («Democratic Leader»), 63, 90 (Republic Oil ads); Pratt, «Petroleum Industry in Transition,» p. 832 («blind tigers»).
Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 276–78; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 231–32 («gentlemen»); Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), pp. 45–46, 645.
E. V. Cary to J. D. Rockefeller, November 8, 1907, 1907–1912 folder. Box 114, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller archives; Moore, Archbold, pp. 48–49 («go ahead» and «hard job»), 17 («God is willing»), 53 («oil enthusiasm»), 119 («not… entirely philanthropic»), 109 («one flash»); Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 1, pp. 117–18 («$4 a barrel»); vol. 2, pp. 285–86 («really a bank»), 293–94 (three simple rules), 457, n. 8 («We told him»); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, p. 67 («unfortunate failing»).
Edward С. Kirkland, Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy, 1860–1897 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961), p. 312 («great moral… battle»); Lewis L. Could, Reform and Regulation: American Politics, 1900–1916 (New York: John Wiley, 1978), pp. 17, 23 («trust question»); Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR (New York: Vintage, 1955), pp. 169, 185–86 («critical achievement»); Alfred D. Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977); Naomi R. Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), chap. 7; Kathleen Brady, Ida Tarbell: Portrait of a Muckraker (New York: Seaview/Putnam, 1984), pp. 120–23 («great feature» and «new plan of attacking»). Роджерс жаловался Айде Тарбелл на то, что он не может понять, как Harper's могло издать книгу Wealth Against Commonwealth Уильяма Демареста Ллойда, хотя он «находится в дружеских отношениях с Гарри Харпером». В соответствии с теорией Тарбелл «это было простое желание держать людей Standard Oil подальше от общества, имевшего отношение к изданию книги в Harper's». Interview with H. H. Rogers, T-004, Tarbell papers.
Brady, Ida Tarbell, p. 115 («holding people off»), 110 («playing cards»), 123 («Well, I'm sorry»); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 19, 204 («Pithole»), 207 («Don't do it»).
Joseph Siddell to Ida Tarbell, T-084 («most interesting figure»); Standard Oil – Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, p. 3 («confession of failure»). Interviews with H. H. Rogers, T-004 («ask us to contribute»), T-003 («made right»), T-001, T-002, Tarbell papers. Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1912), pp. 971–73 («stop walking» and «affairs of a friend»), 1658–59 («best friend»); Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966), pp. 320–23 («out for the dollars»); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 217–20 («born gambler» and «we were prospered»), 211–15 («by all odds»), 10 («as fine a pirate»), 227–28; Albert Bigelow Paine, ed., Mark Twain's Letters (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1917), pp. 612–13 («only man I care for»); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, p. 662; Brady, Ida Tarbell, pp. 125–29 («straightforward narrative»); «Would Miss Tarbell See Mr. Rogers,» Harper's Magazine, January 1939, p. 141.
Miss Tar Barrel (англ.) – Мисс Бочка Дегтя. – Прим. пер.
Standard Oil – Rachel Crothers Group, T-014, p. 13, Tarbell papers («turned my stomach»); Brady, Ida Tarbell pp. 137–57 («very interesting to note,» «most remarkable,» McClure's comments, «guilty of baldness,» «lady friend» and Rockefeller's response); Tarbell, History of Standard Oil vol. 1, p. 158; vol. 2, pp. 207, 60, 230, 288 («loaded dice»), 24; Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil vol. 1, pp. 652 («more widely purchased»), 663; Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, p. 230 («never had an animus»); Hawke, Rockefeller Interview, p. 5 («Miss Tar Barrel»).
Gould, Reform and Regulation, pp. 25–26(«steamroller,» «meteor» and «wring the personality»), 48 ($100,000 donation); Tarbell, All in the Day's Work, pp. 241–42 («muckraker» and «vile and debasing»); George Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900–1912 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), pp. 131–32 («levees»), 124; Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1931), pp. 350–51(«read every book» and «Darkest Abyssnia»); United States Congress, Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on Privileges and Elections, Campaign Contributions, 62d Congress, 3d Session (Washington, B.C.: GPO, 1913), vol. 1, p. 133; vol. 2, pp. 1574, 1580; Moore, Archbold, p. 260 (1906 visit to TR).
Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly, pp. 133, 140 («Every measure»), 136 («biggest criminals»). Starr J. Murphy to J. D. Rockefeller, September 7, 1907 («Administration has started»); Telegram, W. P. Cowan to J. D. Rockefeller, August 3, 1907, 1907–1912 folder. Box 114; Stair Murphy to J. D. Rockefeller, July 9, 1907, Standard Oil Company– Misc. folder. Box 118, J.D.R., Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller archives. White, Standard Oil of California, p. 373 («inordinately voluminous»); Moore, Archbold, pp. 295 («forty-four years»), 220 («Federal authorities»); Goulder, Rockefeller, pp. 84 («insolence» and «inadequacy»), 204–5 (Rockefeller on golf course); John K. Winkler, John D.: A Portrait in Oik (New York: Vanguard, 1929), p. 147.
David Bryn-Jones, Frank B. Kellogg: A Biography (New York: Putnam, 1937), p. 66 («signal triumphs»); Bringhurst, Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly, pp. 150, 156–57 («I have also»); White, Standard Oil of California, p. 377 («No disinterested mind»); New York Times, May 16, 1911; Mock, Archbold, p. 278 («one damn thing»).
Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 123–35 («office boys»); Nevins, Study in Rower, vol. 2, pp. 380–81 («young fellows»); Hidy and Hidy, Standard Oil, vol. 1, pp. 416, 528, 713–14; White, Standard Oil of California, pp. 378–84.
Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 141–63 (Burton).
Moore, Archbold, p. 281; Nevins, Study in Power, vol. 2, pp. 383 (Roosevelt), 404–5.
Robert Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 158 («Mr. Abrahams»), 272 («mere production»), 163 («great disadvantage»), 165 («berserk»).
Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 186–212 (correspondence), 267 («tremendous role»), 272; Williamson and Daum, Age of Illumination, pp. 336–37.
Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 300–23.
Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 319–35, 176–79, 223, 234, 298–99; Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp. 121, 126, 177, 238–39; vol. 2, pp. 324–27, 89, 92–146; Forbes and O'Beirne, Royal Dutch/Shell, p. 65.
Interview with John Loudon; Henriques, Marcus Samuel pp. 330–31 («nervous condition»), 333; Heart Deterding, An International Oilman (as told to Stanley Naylor), (London and New York: Harper & Brothers, 1934), pp. 28–30 («lynx-eye» and «go a long way»), 37 («sniftering»), 9–10 («Simplicity rules»); Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 1, pp.199–202 («first-rate businessman»); vol. 2, pp. 173–74 («not aiming» and «heart and soul»); Robert Henriques, Sir Robert Waley Cohen, 1877– 1952 (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1966), p. 98 («charm»); Lane to Aron, January 11, 1912, Rothschild papers («terrible sort»).
Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 191–94 («battledore» and «joint management»); Archbold to Rockefeller, October 15, 1901, GDR to JDR, October 15,1901,1877–1906 folder, Box 114, Business Interests, J.D.R., Jr., Rockefeller archives («There is here»).
Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 195–201 («no solution» and «cordially»), 234–38 («Neither of us» and «Delay dangerous»); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 400–3 («sincere congratulation»).
«Юнион Джек» (англ.) – флаг Великобритании. – Прим. пер.
Гилдхолл (англ.) – здание ратуши в Лондоне. – Прим. пер.
Мэншн-Хаус (англ.) – резиденция лорд-мэра. – Прим. пер.
Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 2, pp. 187–88 («not… worth a white tie»), 244–45 («rightly and fairly»); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 436–41 (Lane's critique), 446–52 («rage,» «ten Lord Mayors» and «Twenty-one years»), 470.
Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 2, pp. 298–301 («seize one's opportunities»), 345–46 (Deterding and Samuel); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 495 («disappointed man»), 509 («genius»); Mira Wilkins, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 83; Henriques, Waley Cohen, pp. 129–48, chaps. 8–10; Deterding, International Oilman, p. 114 («our chairman»).
Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 3, pp. 303 («wipe us out»), 297–98 («1 am sorry»), 307 («To America!»); Kendall Beaton, Enterprise in Oil: A History of Shell in the United States (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957), pp. 123 («Oil Capital»), 126 («we are in America!»).
Geoffrey Jones and Clive Trebilcock, «Russian Industry and British Business, 1916–1930: Oil and Armaments,» journal of European Economic History 11 (Spring 1982), pp. 68–69 («too hurried development»); Serge Witte, The Memoirs of Count Witte, trans, and ed. Abraham Yarmolinsky (Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1921), pp. 27–29, 125, 198 («imported mediums»), 183 (««Byzantine» habits»), 247 («tangle»), 279; Theodore Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (New York: Atheneum, 1974), pp. 255, 122–23, 250; A. A. Fursenko, Neftyanye Tresty i Mirovaia politika (Moscow: Nauka, 1965), pp. 42–43. О беспорядках в Баку см. Richard Hare, Portraits of Russian Personalities Between Reform and Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 305; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 151–55 («revolutionary hotbed»); Adam B. Ulam, Stalin: The Man and His Era (New York: Viking, 1973), pp. 37, 59–60; Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 47; Ronald G. Suny, «A Journeyman for the Revolution: Stalin and the Labour Movement in Baku,» Soviet Studies 23 (January 1972), p. 393.
Witte, Memoirs, pp. 189 («monkeys»), 250 («Russia's internal situation»); Deutscher, Stalin, p. 66 («hour of revenge»); Solomon M. Schwarz, The Russian Revolution of 1905: The Workers' Movement and the Formation of Bokhevikism and Menshevikism, trans. Gertrude Vaka (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 301–14; Adam B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks & the Intellectual (New York: Collier Books, 1965), pp. 219, 227; J. D. Henry, Baku, pp. 157–59 (Adamoff), 183–184 («flames»); K. H. Kennedy, Mining Tsar: The Life and Times of Leslie Urquhart, (Boston: Alien & Unwin, 1986), chaps. 2 and 3; Gerretson, RoyalDutch, vol. 3, p. 138; Hidy and Hidy. Standard Oil, p. 511; Ulam, Stalin, pp. 89–98; Suny, «Stalin,» pp. 394, 386 («unlimited distrust»).
A. Beeby Thompson, The Oil Fields of Russia (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, 1908), pp. 195–97, 213; Maurice Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 1–45; Tolf, Russian Rockefellers, pp. 183–85; Lane to Aron, December 21, 1911 («I can assure you»), December 13, 1911 («his intention»), Rothschild papers; V. I. Bovykin, «Rossiyskaya Neft i Rotshil'dy',» Voprosy Istorii 4 (1978), pp. 27–41; Suny, «Stalin,» p. 373 («journeyman for the revolution»).
Henry Drummond Woolf, Rambling Recollections, vol. 2 (London: Macmillan, 1908), p. 329 («well versed»); Charles Issawi, ed., The Economic History of Iran, 1800–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), p. 20 (Persian finances); R. W. Ferrier, The History of the British Petroleum Company, vol. 1, The Developing Years, 1901–1932 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 28 («Shah's prodigality»); T. A. B. Corky, A History of the Burmah Oil Company, 1886–1927 (London: Heinemann, 1983); Geoffrey Jones, The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry (London: Macmillan, 1981). The books by Ferrier, Corley, and Jones – all making extensive use of corporate and government archives – are the best works on their respective subjects.
Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 29 («capitalist»), 31 («riches»), 35–36 («morning coffee»). On D'Arcy, see ibid., pp. 30–32; Corky, Burmah Oil, pp. 96–97; Henry Longhurst, Adventure in Oil: The Story of British Petroleum (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1959), pp. 18–19, 25; David J.Jeremy and Christine Shaw, eds., Dictionary of Business Biography (London: Butterworths, 1984), vol. 2, pp. 12–14. On the de Reuter concessions, see Firuz Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864–1914 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 100–34, 210–14.
Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 3 («chessboard»), 8, 22 («Insurance»), 325–28 («ragamuffins»); Arthur H. Hardinge, A Diplomatist in the East (London: Jonathan Cape, 1928), pp. 280 («elderly child»), 268 («vassalage»), 328 («detestable»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 39 («ready money»), 43 («no umbrage»); Hardinge to Lansdowne, January 29, 1902, FO 60/660, PRO («Cossacks»); Briton Cooper Busch, Britain and the Persian Gulf (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), chap. 4 and pp. 235–42.
Issawi, Economic History of Iran, p. 41 («far-reaching effects» and «soil of Persia»); Jones, State and British Oil pp. 131–32; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 43 («wild-catting»), 107.
Hardinge, Dipbmatist, pp. 281, 273–74 («Shiahs»), 306–11; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 57 («expedite»), 65 («heat,» «Mohamedan Kitchen» and «Mullahs»).
Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 59–62 («Every purse» and «keep the bank quiet»); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 97–99 («eminence grise»), 133; Corky, Burmah Oil pp. 98–103 («Glorious news»).
Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 442–44 («menace» and «Monroe Doctrine»). Lansdowne to Curzon, December 7, 1903, FO 60/731 («danger»); Cargill to Redwood, October 6, 1904, ADM 116/3807, PRO. Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 99–102 («imperial,» «patriots» and «coincided exactly»); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 133–34 («British hands»).
A. R. С Cooper, «A Visit to the Anglo-Persian Oil-Fields,» Jornal of the Central Asian Society, 13 (1926), pp. 154–56 («thousand pities»); Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 444–445; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 67, 86 («beer and skittles»), 79 («dung» and «teeth»); Arnold Wilson, S. W. Persia: A Political Officer's Diary, 1907–14 (London: Oxford University Press, 1941), p. 112.
Wilson, S. W. Persia, p. 27 («dignified» and «solid British oak»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 79 («reasonable» and «beasts»), 96 («type machine»), 73; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 110 («amuse me»).
Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 80–85 («luxury of Monarchs»); Gene R. Garthwaite, «The Bakhtiar Khans, the Government of Iran, and the British, 1846–1915,» International Journal of Middle East Studies 3 (1972), pp. 21–44; Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 83 («nightingale» and «Baksheesh»), 85 («importance attached»). Harold Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930), p. 171 («spontaneous infiltration»); Spring-Rice to Grey, April 11, 1907, FO 416/32, PRO («great impetus»); Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, pp. 475–500.
Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 86–88 («last throw,» «cannot find» and «Psalm 104»), 96 («stupid action»); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 128–39 («go smash,» «abandon operations,» «telling no one» and «may be modified»); Wilson, S. W. Persia, pp. 41–42 («endure heat»).
Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 105–6 («making public,» «corns» and «immense benefit»), 98 («great mistake»), 103 («signing away»), 113 («just as keen»). While Ferrier places the value of D'Arcy's shares at £895,000, Corley puts them at £650,000 – still a healthy return after all. Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 112 and Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 142. On Anglo-Persian's operations after the stock issue, see Wilson, S. W. Persia, pp. 84, 103 («spent a fortnight»), 211–12; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 152–53 («one chapter»); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 142, 144 («serious menace»), 147; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 189 («hell of a mess»).
Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 59; John Arbuthnot Fisher, Memories (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919), pp. 156–57; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 399–402; John Arbuthnot Fisher, Fear God and Dread Nought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, vol. 1, ed. Arthur J. Marder (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), pp. 45, («oil maniac»), 275 («gold-mine» and «bought the south half»).
Fisher, Memories, p. 116 («God-father of Oil»); Arthur J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919, vol. 1, The Road to War, 1904–1914 (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 14 («mixture»), 205 («tornado»), 19 (Edward VII), 45; Fisher, Fear God, vol. 1, pp. 102 («Full Speed»), 185 («Wake up»); Ruddock F. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 268 («Golden rule»); R. H. Bacon, The Life of Lord Fisher (Garden City: Doubleday, 1929), vol. 2, pp. 157–59.
Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982), pp. 416 («naval question»), 417 («freedom»), 457 («strident»), 221–29 («world domination,» «mailed fist» and «weary Titan»); Zara S. Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977), pp. 40–57, 127; Samuel Williamson, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904–1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), pp. 16, 18.
Winston Spenser Churchill – «S» – 19-я буква английского алфавита, «С» – 3-я буква английского алфавита. – Прим. ред.
William H. McNeil, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society Since a.d. 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 277 («technological revolution»); Marder, Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, vol. 1, pp. 71, vii, 139 («pensions»); Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, pp. 236, 238. О внутренней политике Германии см. Volker Berghahn, «Naval Armaments and the Social Crisis: Germany Before 1914,» in Geoffrey Best and Andrew Wheatcraft, eds., War, Economy, and the Military Mind (London: Groom Held, 1976), pp. 61–88. Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 1, Youth, 1874–1900 (London: Heinemann, 1966), pp. 1888–89.
Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, Young Statesman, 1901–1917 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), pp. 494 («nonsense»), 518–19 («Indeed»).
Churchill, Young Statesman, pp. 545–47 («whole fortunes»); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 1, pp. 71–78 («intended to prepare,» «important steps» and «veritable volcano»); Fisher, Memories, pp. 200–1 («precipice»); Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 283; Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 1926 («How right»).
Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 1926–27.
Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, p. 404 («Sea fighting»); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 1, pp. 130–36 (on his decision).
Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 158; Jones, State and British Oil p. 170; Corley, Burmah Oil Company, p. 186; Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, pp. 451 («betrayed»), 467 («no one else»); Mackay, Fisher, pp. 437–38; Churchill, Young Statesman, pp. 567–68; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1929 («My dear Fisher»).
Fisher, Memories, pp. 218–20 («d – d fool»); Lord Fisher, Records (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919), p. 196; Mackay, Fisher, p. 439 («overwhelming advantages»); Fisher, Fear God, vol. 2, p. 438 («don't grow»).
Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 94 («Champagne Charlie» and «decorous»); Jeremy and Shaw, Dictionary of Business Biography, vol. 2, pp. 639–41; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 184, 205; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 96 («Old Spats»), 151–52 («Jewishness,» «Dutchness,» «under the control» and «moderate return»).
Bacon, Fisher, vol. 2, p. 158 («do our d – st»); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 164 («embracing as it did» and «pecuniary assistance»), 151 («Shell menace»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 170–73 («commercial predominance» and «Evidently»).
Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 166–67 («speculative risk»); Marian Kent, Oil and Empire: British Policy and Mesopotamian Oil, 1900–1920 (London: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 47–48 («keeping alive»); Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 1932–48; Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 191; Asquith to George V, July 12, 1913, CAB 41/34, PRO («controlling interest»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 181–82.
. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, July 17, 1913, pp. 1474–77 (Churchill statement); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 187, 191–95 («scrap heap»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 195–96 («thoroughly sound,» «perfectly safe» and «national disaster»).
Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 185; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 195–97; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1964.
. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, June 17, 1914, pp. 1131–53, 1219–32; Bradbury to Anglo-Persian Oil Company, May 20, 1914, POWE 33/242, PRO; Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 199 (Greenway's question).
Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 574; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, pp. 1951 («Napoleon and Cromwell»), 1965 («Good Old Deterding), Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 4, p. 293.
Gerretson, Royal Dutch, vol. 4, p. 185; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 144, 12 («premier cru»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 196; Churchill, World Crisis, p. 137; Churchill, Churchill, vol. 2, Companion Volume, part 3, p. 1999 (war order).
William Langer, «The Well-Spring of Our Discontents,» Journal of Contemporary History 3 (1968), pp. 3–17; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 334–35; Martin Van Creveld, Supplying War: Logistics from Walknstein to Patton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 110–111, 124–25 (German general); W. G. Jensen, «The Importance of Energy in the First and Second World Wars,» Historical Journal 11 (1968), pp. 538–45. Llewellyn Woodward, Great Britain and the War of 1914–1918 (London: Metheun, 1967), pp. 38–39.
Coups de téléphone (фр.) – телефонный удар. – Прим. пер.
Basil Liddell Hart, A History of the World War, 1914–1918 (London: Faber and Faber, 1934), chap. 4, especially pp. 86–87, 115–22 («No British officer,» «coups de telephone,» «not commonplace» and «forerunner»); Henri Carre', La Veritable Histoire des Taxis de La Marne (Paris: Libraire Chapelot, 1921), pp. 11–39 («How will we be paid?»); Robert B. Asprey, The First Battle of the Marne (Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1977), pp. 127 («Today destiny»), 153 («going badly»).
Caterpillar (англ.) – гусеница. – Прим. пер.
Woodward, Great Britain and the War of 1914–1918, pp. 38–39 («This isn't war»); Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 332–43 («antidote,» «eyewitness,» «black day» and «primacy»); Erich Ludendorff, My War Memories, 1914–1918 (London: Hutchinson, [1945]), p. 679; J. F. С Fuller, Tanks in the Great War, 1914–1918 (London: John Murray, 1920), p. 19 («present war»); Churchill, World Crisis, vol. 2, (New York: Scribners, 1923) pp. 71–91 («caterpillar»… «tank»); A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 122; Francis Delaisi, Oil: Its Influence on Politics, trans. С Leonard Leese (London: Labour Publishing and George Allen and Unwin, 1922), p. 29 (truck over the locomotive).
Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 457–460 («good sport»), 554–59; Harald Penrose, British Aviation: The Great War and Armistice, 1915–1919 (London: Putnam, 1969), pp. 9–12 («Since war broke out»), 586 («necessities of war»); Bernadotte E. Schmitt and Harold С Vedeler, The World in the Crucible, 1914–1919 (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), pp. 301–4 («Battle of Britain»); Jensen, «Energy in the First and Second World Wars,» pp. 544–45; Richard Hough, The Great War at Sea, 1914–1918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 296–97.
F. J. Moberly, History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: The Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 (London: HMSO, 1923), vol. 1, p. 82 («little likelihood»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, p. 263 («build up»); Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 125–26; Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 239, 253 («All-British Company»); Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 182–83.
Corley, Burmah Oil, p. 258, chap. 16; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, pp. 593–619; Henriques, Waky Cohen, pp. 200–40; P. G. A. Smith, The Shell That Hit Germany Hardest (London: Shell Marketing Co., [1921]), pp. 1–11; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 187–202; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 250, 218 («to secure navy supplies»); Slade, «Strategic Importance of the Control of Petroleum,» «Petroleum Supplies and Distribution» and «Observations on the Board of Trade Memorandum on Oil,» August 24, 1916, CAB 37/154, PRO.
Henriques, Waky Cohen, pp. 213–20; Times (London), January 14, 1916, p. 5; May 26, 1916, p. 5; G. Gareth Jones, «The British Government and the Oil Companies, 1912–24: The Search for an Oil Policy,» Historical Journal 20 (1977), pp. 654–64; С. Ernest Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, The Period of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (London: John Murray, 1924), pp. 465, 175–76, 319, 371, 196–97; George Gibb and Evelyn H. Knowlton, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), vol. 2, The Resurgent Years, 1911–1927 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), pp. 221–23; Beaton, p. 100.
Jones, «British Government and the Oil Companies,» pp. 661, 665; Paul Foley, «Petroleum Problems of the War: Study in Practical Logistics,» United States Naval Institute Proceedings 50 (November 1927), pp. 1802–03 («out of action»), 1817–21; Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page (London: Heinemann, 1930), vol. 2, p. 288 («Germans are succeeding»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 248–49 (Walter Long); Henry Bérenger, Le Pétrole et la France (Paris: Flammarion, 1920), pp. 41–55; Edgar Faure, La Politique Franchise du Pétrole (Paris: Nouvelle Revue Critique, 1938), pp. 66–69; Pierre L'Espagnol de la Tramerye, The World Struggle for Oil, trans. Leonard Leese (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1924), chap. 8; Eriс D. K. Melby, Oil and the International System: The Case of France, 1918–1969 (New York: Arno Press, 1981), pp. 8–20 («as vital as blood»).
Mark L. Requa, «Report of the Oil Division 1917–19» in H. A. Garfield, Final Report of the U. S. Fuel Administrator (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1921), p. 261; Gerald D. Nash, United States Oil Policy, 1890–1964 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968), p. 27. On American oil policy making during World War I, see Dennis J. O'Brien, «The Oil Crisis and the Foreign Policy of the Wilson Administration, 1917–1921» (Ph.D.: University of Missouri, 1974), chaps. 1–2 and Robert D. Cuff, The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations During World War I (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973).
Joseph E. Pogue and Isador Lubin, Prices of Petroleum and Its Products During the War (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1919), pp. 13–33, 289; Rister, Oil! pp. 120–34. On the coal shortage, see David Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 122–24 («Bedlam») and Seward W. Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 1916–18 (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), pp. 68–69, 86–88. Requa, «Report of the Oil Division,» p. 270 («no justification»); White, Standard Oil of California, p. 542. For auto growth, see Beaton, Shell, p. 171; White, Standard of California, p. 544. H. A. Garfield, Final Report of the U. S. Fuel Administrator, p. 8 («walk to church»).
Ludendorff, War Memories, pp. 287–88 («As I now saw»), 358–59 («did materially»); Liddell Hart, The World War, pp. 345–50; Schmitt and Vedeler, World in the Crucible, pp. 157–60; Times (London), December 5, 1916, p. 7; Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State, pp. 79–85 («No efforts»); Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 233–35. On Norton-Griffiths, see R. K. Middlemas, The Master-Builders (London: Hutchinson, 1963), pp. 270–83 («dashing,» nicknames and «blasted language»); Mrs. Will Gordon, Romania Yesterday and Today (London: John Lane, 1919), chap. 9 («sledgehammer»); New York Times, January 16, 1917, p. 1; February 20, 1917, p. 4. О влиянии на Германию см. Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, pp. 180–81 («just the difference»). После войны Джон Нортон-Гриффитс получил признание как «самый известный инженер в мире» и подрядчик. В 1930 г. он руководил проектом по возведению Асуанской плотины. У него возник конфликт с египетскими представителями из-за марки заказанной им стали, из-за чего на него мог быть наложен весьма значительный штраф – с вероятными последствиями для его профессиональной репутации. По своему обыкновению, утром в 7.45 27 сентября 1930 г. он взял парусную лодку у своей гостиницы в Сан-Стефано, около Александрии, и вышел на веслах в море. Через некоторое время его коллега выглянул из гостиницы и увидел, что лодка Нортона-Гриффитса пуста. Очевидцы видели плывущего или держащегося на поверхности человека невдалеке от лодки. Другая лодка, отправленная на прояснение ситуации, обнаружила тело. Это был «Имперский Джек» – «человек с кувалдой», с пулевой раной на правом виске – самоубийство. Times (London), September 28, 1930, p. 12; September 29, 1930, p. 14; New York Times, September 28, 1930, II, p. 8, September 29, 1930, p. 11.
Erich Ludendorff, The Nation at War, trans. A. S. Rappoport (London: Hutchinson, 1936), p. 79; Z. A. B. Zeman, ed. Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 107, 134–35; Ronald Suny, The Baku Commune 1917–1918 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 284–85 («we agreed» and «plunderers»), 328–43; Firuz Kazemzadeh, The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917–1921 (New York: Philosophical Library, 1951), pp. 136–46 («destroy»); Moberly, Campaign in Mesopotamia, vol. 4, pp. 182–212; Ludendorff, War Memories, pp. 659–60 («serious blow»); Anastas Mikoyan, Memoirs ofAnastas Mikoyan, vol. 1, The Path of Struggle, ed. Sergo Mikoyan, trans. Katherine T. O'Connor and Dane L. Burgin (Madison, Conn.; Sphinx Press, 1988), pp. 505–9.
Ludendorff, War Memories, p. 748; Schmitt and Vedeler, World in the Crucible, p. 272; Pearton, Oil and the Romanian State, p. 93; Fayle, Seaborne Trade, vol. 3, pp. 230, 402; Leo Grebler and Wilhelm Winkler, The Cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary (New Haven: Vale University Press, 1940), p. 85; Henriques, Marcus Samuel, p. 624. On the speeches, see Times (London), November 22, 1918, p. 6; Delaisi, Oil, pp. 86–91 (Curzon); Bérenger, Le Pétrole et la France, pp. 175–80.
. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, First Series, vol. 4, pp. 452–54, 521; FRUS: Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vol. 5, pp. 3–4, 760, 763, 804; David Lloyd George, The Truth About the Peace Treaties, vol. 2 (London: Victor Gollancz, 1938), pp. 1037–38.
Confidential Memorandum of Negotiations with Turkish Petroleum Company, July 15 – August 5, 1922, pp. 1–3, 800.6363/T84/48, RG 59, NA; Marian Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 12–80; Edward Mead Earle, «The Turkish Petroleum Company: A Study in Oleaginous Diplomacy,» Political Science Quarterly 39 (June 1924), 267 («Talleyrand»); V. H. Rothwell, «Mesopotamia in British War Aims,» Historical Journal 13 (1970), p. 277.
Ralph Hewins, Mr. Five Percent: The Story of Calouste Gulbenkian (New York: Rinehart and Company, 1958), pp. 15–16 («academic nonsense»), 24 («fine and consistent»), 11 («hand»), 188 (Kenneth Clark); Financial Times, July 25, 1955 («granite»); Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, p. 300; Nubar Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), p. 85 («very close»); «Memoirs of Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian, with Particular Relation to the Origins and Foundation of the Iraq Petroleum Company, Limited,» March 4, 1948, 890.G.6363/3–448, pp. 6–7 («wild cat»), 11 («not, in any way»), RG 59, NA.
Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 86–93, 170–71 (Foreign Office Agreement);Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 81.
Kent, Oil and Empire, pp. 109, 121–26; David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914–1922 (New York: Henry Holt, 1989), pp. 188–95; Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1921 (London: Bowes and Bowes, 1956); Jones, State and British Oil, p. 198; Helmut Mejcher, Imperial Quest for Oil: Iraq, 1910–1928 (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), p. 37; Rothwell, «Mesopotamia in British War Aims,» pp. 289–90 (Hankey and Balfour); William Stivers, Supremacy and Oil: Iraq, Turkey and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918–1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), pp. 71–72 (Lansing); Lloyd George, Peace Treaties, pp. 1022–38.
Oil (англ.) – масло, нефть. – Прим. пер.
Melby, France, pp. 17–23 (Clemenceau's grocer); Jukka Nevakivi, Britain, France and the Arab Middle East, 1914–1920 (London: Athlone Press, 1969), p. 154; Paul Mantoux, Les Deliberations du Conseil des Quatre (24 Mars – 28 Juin 1919), vol. 2 (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1955), pp. 137–43; Jones, State and British Oil p. 214; С. E. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, vol. 2 (London: Cassell, 1927), p. 194 («dogfight»); Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, First Series, vol. 8, pp. 9–10.
Melby, France, pp. 67 («entirely French»), 100–4 («industrial arm»); Richard Kuisel, Ernest Mercier: French Technocrat (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), pp. 31–32 («instrument» and «international difficulties»), 25 («Anglo-Saxon»).
Kendall Beaton, Shell in the United States, pp. 229–32; B. S. McBeth, British Oil Policy, 1919–1939 (London: Frank Cass, 1985), p. 41. Waley Cohen to Director, Petroleum Dept., May 15, 1923, FO 371/13540; Proposed Combination of Royal Dutch Shell, Burma Oil, and Anglo-Persian Oil Companies, Notes of Meeting, November 2, 1921, W11691, FO 371/7027; Cowdray to Lloyd-Greame, February 14, 1922, POWE 33/92; Watson to Clarke, October 31, 1921, POWE 33/92, PRO. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, March 18, 1920, vol. 126, no. 28, cols. 2375/6; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 223–26 («over-production,» «every action» and «Hottentots»); Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 372–80 («whole revenue» and «did not go»); Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp. 20–23.
Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 5, The Prophet of Truth, 1922–1939 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), pp. 8–17 («shall not starve»); Corley, Burmah Oil, pp. 298–307; Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 5, Companion Volume, part 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), pp. 54–55 (Churchill on Baldwin), 68–69; Ferrier, British Petroleum, pp. 382–85 («His Majesty's Government»).
Mark Requa, Letter to the Subcommittee on Mineral Raw Materials, Economic Liaison Committee. May 12, 1919, Baker Library, Harvard Business School; John DeNovo, «The Movement for an Aggressive American Oil Policy Abroad, 1918–1920,» American Historical Review (July 1956), pp. 854–76; O'Brien, «Oil Crises and the Foreign Policy of the Wilson Administration,» p. 176 (Wilson); National Petroleum News, October 29, 1919, p. 51 («two to five years»); Guy Elliott Mitchell, «Billions of Barrels Locked Up in Rocks,» National Geographic, February 1918, pp. 195 («gasoline famine»), 201 («no man who owns»); George Otis Smith, «Where the World Gets Oil and Where Will Our Children Get It When American Wells Cease to Flow?» National Geographic, February 1920, p. 202 («moral support»); Washington Post, November 18, 1920 (nine years and three months); George Otis Smith, ed., The Strategy of Minerals: A Study of the Mineral Factor in the World Position of America in War and in Peace (New York: D. Appleton, 1919), p. 304 («within a year»). В 1919 г. Дэвид Уайт, главный геолог Геологической инспекции США, определил общие потенциальные запасы в 6,7 млн баррелей. David White, «The Unmined Supply of Petroleum in the United States,» paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers, February 4–6, 1919. John Rowland and Basil Cadman, Ambassador for Oil: The Life of John First Baron Cadman (London: Herbert Jenkins, I960), pp. 95, 97. Requa to Adee, May 13, 1920, 800.6363/112; Manning to Baker, March 8, 1920, 811.6363/35; Fall to Hughes, July 15, 1921, 800.6363/324; Memorandum for the Secretary, March 29, 1921, 890g.6363/69; Merle-Smith to the Secretary, February 11, 1921, 800.6363/325; Millspaugh Memorandum, April 14, 1921, 890g.6363/T84/9, RG 59, NA. Scientific American, May 3, 1919, p. 474; Cadman to Fraser, December 2, 1920, 4247, Cadman papers («I don't expect»); Cadman, Notes, Meeting at Petroleum Executive, June 16,1919, GHC/Iraq/Dl, Shell archives; Memorandum on the Petroleum Situation, with Dispatch to HM Ambassador, April 21, 1921, POWE 33/228, PRO.
United Kingdom, Admiralty, Geographical Section of Naval Intelligence Division, Geology of Mesopotamia and Its Borderlands (London: HMSO, 1920), pp. 84–86, insisted on a «cautious estimate» for the oil potential of the region. FRUS, vol. 2, pp. 664–73; Jones, State and British Oil, pp. 223, 221; De Novo, «Aggressive American Oil Policy,» pp. 871–72; Bennett H. Wall and George S. Gibb, Teagle of Jersey Standard (New Orleans: Tulane University Press, 1974), p. 130; Michael Hogan, Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 1918–1928 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977), p. 165; Nash, United States Oil Policy, p. 53. Heizer to Ravndal, January 31, 1920, 800.6363/134; Millspaugh Memorandum, November 26, 1921, 890g.6363/134; Tyrrell to Gulbenkian, October 10, 1924, with Wiley to Secretary of State, March 13, 1948, 890 g.6363/3–448 («instrumental»), RG 59, NA.
WWC to Dearing, May 12, 1921, and Memorandum for the Secretary on Proposed Combination of American Oil Companies, 811.6363/73; Bedford to Hughes, May 21, 1921, 890.6363/78. NA 890g.6363/T84: Hoover to Hughes, April 17, 1922, 96; Hughes to Teagle, August 22, 1922, 41a; Allen Dulles Memorandum, December 15, 1922, 81, RG 59. Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 98 («queer looking»); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920–1933 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), p. 189.
Dun & Bradstreet – деловой справочник. – Прим. ред.
Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 168 («Boss»), 31–32 («Come home»), 48–49 («cigar»), 63–66 («frequently changes»), 71–72 («shoes» and «not going to drill»), 176–78 («present policy»). On the Jersey reorganization, see Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1962) chap. 4, p. 173.
NA 890g.6363: Confidential Memorandum of Negotiations with Turkish Petroleum Company, July 15 – August 5, 1922, T84/48; Wellman to Hughes, July 24,1922, 126; Piesse to Teagle, December 12, 1922, T84/62, RG 59.
Fromkin, Peace, pp. 226 («ripper»), 306; Elizabeth Monroe, Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1971 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), 2d ed., pp. 61–64 (Lansing), 68 («vacant lot»); Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, 1914–1932 (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), pp. 64, 45, 112; Stivers, Supremacy and Oil, p. 78 («supported»); Briton Cooper Busch, Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 467–69; Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia, Cmd. 1061, 1920, p. 94, cited in Elie Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970), p. 437. Wheeler to Secretary of State, February 2, 1922, 890 g.6363/72. NA 890g.6363/ T84: Wadsworth Memo, September 18, 1924, 167; Dulles to Millspaugh, February 21, 1922, 31; Randolph to Secretary of State, March 25, 1926, 214; Allen Dulles Memorandum, November 22, 1924, 208 («cocked hat»), RG 59. Edith Penrose and E. F. Penrose, Iraq: International Relations and National Development (London: Ernest Benn, 1978), pp. 56–74; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 295–97; «Memoirs of Gulbenkian,» p. 25 («eyewash»); J. С. Hurewitz, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, vol. 2, A Documentary Record, 1914–1956 (Princeton; Van Nostrand, 1956), pp. 131–42.
«Memoirs of Gulbenkian,» pp. 15 («oil friendships»), 16 («we worked»), 28 («hook or… crook»); Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 161 («pernickety» and «overbearing»); Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil pp. 130–39 («children»), 38–39 («medical advice»), 94; Henriques, Waley Cohen, pp. 285–86; Financial Times, July 25, 1955; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 298–301; Kuisel, Mercier, p. 34; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 216 («most difficult»). NA 890g.6363/ T84: Allen Dulles Memorandum, January 19, 1926, 236; Houghton to Secretary of State, January 27, 1926, 238; Allen Dulles to Secretary of State, November 11, 1924, 176; Wadsworth Memo, September 18, 1924, pp. 8, 167; Swain to Dulles, December 8, 1925, 245 («How would you like it»); Piesse to Teagle, January 19, 1926, 284; Oliphant to Atherton, January 12, 1926, 239, RG 59, NA. On the Teagle-Gulbenkian luncheon, Wall and Gibb, Teagle, p. 215 and Memorandum of Dulles conversation with Teagle, September 18, 1924, 167, pp. 4–5, RG 59, NA.
«Memorandum for Submission to the Foreign Office Setting Out Mr. С S. Gulbenkian's Position,» June 1947, pp. 3–4, POWE 33/1965, PRO; Daniel 3:4–6 («fiery furnace»); FRUS, 1927, vol. 2, pp. 816–27. NA 890g.6363/T84: Allen Dulles Memo, December 2, 1925, 244; Wellman to Dulles, October 8, 1925, 224; Wellman to Secretary of State, April 1, April 11, April 28, 1927, 271, 272, 273; Wadsworth Memo, October 3, 1927, 279; Randolph to Secretary of State, October 19, 1927, 281.
Quai d'Orsay (фр.) – МИД Франции. – Прим. ред.
William Stivers, «A Note on the Red Line Agreement,» Diplomatic History, 7 (Winter 1983), pp. 24–25; Hewins, Mr. Five Percent, p. 141 («old Ottoman Empire»); Jones, State and British Oil, p. 238. NA 890g.6363/T84: Agreement D'Arcy Exploration Company Limited and Others and Turkish Petroleum Company, July 31, 1928, 360; Wellman to Shaw, December 7, 1927, 292, January 31, 1928, 297; Shaw to Wellman, December 27, 1927, 293. The Ouai d'Orsay and Foreign Office Maps are with Wellman to Shaw, March 22, 1928, 307, RG 59, NA. Wall and Gibb, Teagl, p. 209 («bad move!»); Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil, pp. 98–100.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967), pp. 155–68, 386–87 («genuine adventure»); New York Times, July 6, 1920, sec. 4, p. 11.
Kendall Beaton, Shell p. 171 («century of travel»); Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 443–446; Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1931), p. 164 («Villages»); Jean-Pierre Bardou, Jean-Jacques Chanaron, Patrick Fridenson, James M. Laux, The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982).
Warren С. Piatt, «Competition: Invited by the Nature of the Oil Industry,» National Petroleum News, February 5, 1936, p. 208 («new way»); McLean and Robert Wm. Haigh, The Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 107–8; Giddens, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), pp. 318–20, 283; Thomas P. Hogarty, «The Origin and Evolution of Gasoline Marketing,» Research Paper No. 022, American Petroleum Institute, October 1, 1981; Walter C. Ristow, «A Half Century of Oil-Company Road Maps,» Surveying and Mapping 34 (December 1964), pp. 617 («uniquely American»); Beaton, Shell pp. 267–79 («careful in their attendance» and Barton on gasoline); Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows (Indianapolis: Grosset 8; Dunlap, 1925), pp. iv, v, 140.
Teapot Dome (англ.) – купол-чайник. – Прим. пер.
Beaton, Shell, pp. 286–87; United States Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on Manufacturers. High Cost of Gasoline and Other Petroleum Products, 67th Congress, 2d and 4th sessions (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1923), p. 28 («manipulate оil prices»); John H. Maurer, «Fuel and the Battle Fleet: Coal, Oil, and American Naval Strategy, 1898–1925,» Naval War College Review 34 (November-December 1981), p. 70 («failure of supply»). Министра военно-морских сил Джозефуса Дарнелса настолько беспокоила надежность поставок (и цена), что он предлагал США последовать примеру Уинстона Черчилля, создать нечто подобное Англо-персидской компании и напрямую заняться нефтяным бизнесом. John De Novo, «Petroleum and the United States Navy Before World War I,» Mississippi Valley Historical Review 61 (March 1955), pp. 651–52, Burl Noggle, Teapot Dome: Oil and Politics in the 1920s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1962), pp. 16–17 («supply laid up»), 3–4 («looked like a President» and «harmony»). On Albert Fall, Bruce Bliven, «Oil Driven Politics,» The New Republic, February 13, 1924, pp. 302–3 («Zane Grey hero»); David H. Stratton, «Behind Teapot Dome: Some Personal Insights,» Business History Review 23 (Winter 1957), p. 386 («unrestrained disposition»); Noggle, Teapot Dome, p. 13 («not altogether easy»); John Gunther, Taken at the Flood: The Story of Albert D. Lasker (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960), pp. 136–37 («it smells»); J. Leonard Bates, The Origins of Teapot Dome: Progressives, Parties, and Petroleum, 1909–1921 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963).
On Harry Sinclair, Sinclair Oil, A Great Name in Oil: Sinclair Through 50 Years (New York: F. W. Dodge/McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 13–20, 45. Noggle, Teapot Dome, pp. 30 («oleaginous nature»), 35, 51–57 («my… friends» and «illness»), 71–72 («teapot»), 79, 85 («little black bag»), 201 («can't convict»); M. R. Werner and John Star, The Teapot Dome Scandal (London: Cassell, 1961), p. 146; Edith Boiling Wilson, My Memoir (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1939); pp. 298–99 («Which way»); Bliven, «Oil Driven Politics,» pp. 302–3 («shoulder deep»); Norman Nordhauser, The Quest for Stability: Domestic Oil Regulation, 1917–1935 (New York: Garland, 1979), p. 20 (oil lamp); William Allen White, A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge (New York: Macmillan, 1938), pp. 272–77; J. Leonard Bates, «The Teapot Dome Scandal and the Election of 1924,» American Historical Review 55 (January 1955), pp. 305–21.
Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 366–434 (the battle); M. A. & R., «Continental Trading Co. Ltd.,» March 10, 1928, J.D.R., Jr., Business Interests, Rockefeller Archives; Brady, Ida Tarbell, pp. 210, 232 (Tarbell and Rockefeller, Jr.). On John D. Rockefeller, Jr., see Collier and Horowitz, Rockefellers, pp. 79–83,104–6.
Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 485 (Teagle), 429–30; Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders, pp. 449–57, 502–20, 460; Institution of Petroleum Technologists, Petroleum: Twenty Five Years Retrospect, 1910–1935 (London: festoon of Petroleum Technologists, 1935), pp. 33–73; Henrietta M. Larson and Kenneth Wiggins Porter, History of Humble Oil and Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth (New York: Harper 8t Brothers, 1959), pp. 139–42, 276; Frank J. Taylor and Earl M. Welty, Black Bonanza: How an Oil Hunt Grew into the Union Oil Company of California (New York: Whittlesley House, McGraw-Hill, 1950), p. 201; E. L. DeGolyer, «How Men Find Oil,» Fortune, August 1949, p. 97; Walker A. Tompkins, Little Giant of Signal Hill: An Adventure in American Enterprise (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964), p. 2; United States Federal Trade Commission, Foreign Ownership in the Petroleum Industry (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1923), p. x («rapidly depleted»).
. Literary Digest, June 2, 1923, pp. 56–58 («nearest approach»). Doherty to Smith, February 2, 1929 («worse than Satan»); Doherty to Veasey, August 13, 1927 («extremely crude»), Doherty papers. Doherty to Roosevelt, August 14, 1937, Oil, Official File 56, Roosevelt papers; Erich W. Zimmennann, Conservation in the Production of Petroleum: A Study in Industrial Control (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957), pp. 97 («do likewise»), 122–24; Nordhauser, Quest for Stability, pp. 9–18; Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 317–19; Nash, United States Oil Policy, pp. 82–91; Leonard M. Fanning, The Story of the American Petroleum Institute (New York: World Petroleum Policies, [I960]), pp. 68, 104–9 («crazy man»); Linda Lear, «Harold L. Ickes and the Oil Crisis of the First Hundred Days,» Mid-America 63 (January 1981), p. 12 («barbarian»); Robert E. Hardwicke, Antitrust Laws, et al. v. Unit Operations of Oil or Gas Pools (New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 1948), pp. 179–86 («If the public»).
Williamson et al., Age of Energy, p. 311 («supremacy»); Zimmermann, Conservation, pp. 126–128 («commodity»); Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 257–63 («production methods»); Henrietta Larson, Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles H. Popple, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), vol. 3, New Horizons, 1927–50 (New York: Harper 8t Row, 1971), pp. 63–64, 88; Giebelhaus, Sun, p. 118 («My father»).
Rister, Oil! pp. 244–46, 255, 293–97; Hartzell Spence, Portrait in Oil: How the Ohio Oil Company Grew to Become Marathon (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962), pp. 118–29; Phillips Petroleum Company, Phillips: The First 66 Years (Bartlesville: Phillips Petroleum, 1983), p. 67; United States Federal Trade Commission, Prices, Profits, and Competition in the Petroleum Industry, United States Senate Document No. 61,70th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1928), pp. 108–16; McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 90–91; Williamson et al., Age of Energy, pp. 394–97; Beaton, Shell, pp. 259–60.
SC7/G-32, Shell papers; Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 307–9 («industry is powerless»); Roger M. Olien and Diana D. Olien, Wildcatters: Texas Independent Oilmen (Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1984), p. 52 (Tom Slick); Nordhauser, Quest for Stability, pp. 55 («rather foolish»), 58; Nash, United States Oil Policy, pp. 102–3.
Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel Yergin, Cambridge Energy Research Associates, «The Reintegration Impulse: The Oil Industry of the 1990s,» Cambridge Energy Research Associates Report, 1987; Larson and Porter, Humble, pp. 72–75; Gibb and Knowlton, Standard Oil, vol. 2, pp. 42, 414; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 140–41, 249; Giddens, Standard of Indiana, chap. 9, p. 318; McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, pp. 95–102; Phillips, First 66 Years, p. 37 (Phillips); Beaton, Shell, pp. 298–330, 353.
McLean and Haigh, Integrated Oil Companies, p. 105 («protection»); Ida M. Tarbell, The New Republic, November 14, 1923, p. 301 («crumbling»); FTC, Prices, Profits and Competition, pp. 22–23, xvii – xix («no longer unity»).
Beaton, Shell, pp. 206–7 (Deterding); FTC, Prices, Profits and Competition, p. 29; FTC, Foreign Ownership, p. 86 («parties foreign»); Ralph Arnold to Herbert Hoover, September 22, 1921, Millspaugh to Dearing, September 24, 1921, 811.6363/75 («viciously inimical»), RG 59, NA; Taylor and Welty, Union Oil, pp. 176–78; Phillips, First 66 Years, p. 31; Giddens, Standard of Indiana, pp. 238–40; Wall and Gibb, Teagle, pp. 261–65 («sunkist»).
Doherty to Veasey, August 6, 1927; Doherty to Smith, January 26, 1929; Doherty to Smith, February 2, 1929, Doherty papers.