UNIT I ENGINEERING
Engineering is putting knowledge of Nature to practical use. The final product of engineering is some physical thing: a machine, a tool, a garget. Engineering is solving problems. It is convenient to discuss engineering projects within the framework of five steps for solving problems
• Will you restore the logical order of these steps?
A good engineer first … second … next … then … and last …
a) defines the problem; b) verifies the solution; c) identifies possible solutions; d) implements the solution; e) selects a solution..
• Can you prove the following ideas? Will you say a few words in favour of each?
– It is important for an engineer to have a creative mind and to generate new ideas.
– It is obligatory to consult the scientific literature available on the problem under study.
– It is not recommended to trust the intuition.
– It is desirable for an engineer to enjoy the whole life cycle of the product designed by him.
– It is useful to have a feedback between an engineer and a customer.
Wordlist
engineering – инженерное дело, техника
final product – конечный продукт
tool – инструмент
to solve a problem – решить проблему
framework – основа
creative mind – творческий ум
obligatory – обязательные
desirable – желательный, заданный
feedback – обратная связь
Answer the questions.
1. What is engineering?
2. What is the final product?
3. Is it important to consult scientific literature?
4. Do you trust your intuition?
In his activities man makes use of a multitude of machines. Although most of them are of quite recent origin, a few simple ones are considered to have come from very ancient times. There were a lot of prehistoric implements, the bow and the arrow being the most ancient. They were his tools in his struggle for existence.
The wheel, one of the greatest inventions ever made by man is also of prehistoric origin. The inclined plane and its use have also been known. It was doubtless by its use that Egyptian slaves lifted the huge stones that went into the construction of the great pyramids.
The lever is probably of equally ancient origin. It is mentioned by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle as a means of lifting a great weight by using a very small force.
Tremendous changes in machine development were made in the 20th century. Now we use not only powerful devices, precise instruments, but also ―clever machines.‖
Wordlist
activity – деятельность
multitude – множество, огромное количество
bow and arrow – лук и стрела
to be of recent origin – быть недавнего происхождения
implement – орудие, приспособление
wheel – колесо
inclined plane – наклонная плоскость
slave – раб lever – рычаг
powerful device – мощное устройство
Answer the questions.
1. What implements have come from ancient times?
2. What role did the inclined plane play?
3. What can you say about machine development in the 20th century?
4. What "clever machines" do you know?
5. What were these machines used for?
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir
The cycle is characterized by four strokes, or straight movements alternately, back and forth, of a piston inside a cylinder:
1. intake (induction) stroke
2. compression stroke
3. power (combustion) stroke
4. exhaust stroke
1) The cycle begins at top dead center, when the piston is at its uppermost point. On the first downward stroke (intake) of the piston, a mixture of fuel and air is drawn into the cylinder through the intake (inlet) port.
2) The intake (inlet) valve (or valves) then close(s), and the following upward stroke (compression) compresses the fuel-air mixture.
3) The air-fuel mixture is then ignited, usually by a spark plug for a gasoline or by the heat and pressure of compression for a Diesel cycle of compression ignition engine, at approximately the top of the compression stroke.
4) The resulting expansion of burning gases then forces the piston downward for the third stroke (power), and the fourth and final upward stroke (exhaust) evacuates the spent exhaust gases from the cylinder past the then-open exhaust valve or valves, through the exhaust port.
Wordlist
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
fuel – топливо
to occur – происходить
chamber – камера
piston – поршень
nozzle – форсунка, наконечник, выпускное отверстие
stroke – ход, такт
intake – всасывание compression – сжатие
to ignite – воспламенять(ся) зажигать
spark plug – запальная свеча
approximately – приблизительно
downward (upward) – движение вниз (вверх)
exhaust gases – отработанные (выхлопные) газы
valve – клапан
spring – пружина
Answer the questions.
1. What is internal combustion engine?
2. What process produces force in the engine?
3. Who created the first ICE?
4. What are the main strokes in the ICE?
5. Can you describe them?
One of mankind s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communications, only crude farming, no electric power. Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals.
At first all wheels were solid discs. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became some with iron and then with rubber.
Wordlist
mankind – человечество
trace – след
to come into use – найти свое применение
Bronze Age – Бронзовый Век
solid – прочный, твердый
hole – отверстие
Answer the questions.
1. What was one of the greatest world's inventions?
2. When was the wheel invented?
3. What was the problem to be solved with the wheels?
4. What was the wheel covered with?
Isaac Newton is generally regarded as one of the greatest and most famous scientists in history. Newton was an astronomer, physicist, mathematic and philosopher who is known for theorizing and reporting on gravitational force and three laws of motion.
Isaac Newton discovered that white light is made up of a spectrum of colours, that when blender together produce the white light. He showed by use of a prism that white light can be split into a spectrum of colours and then used a second prism to show this spectrum can then be rejoined to produce white light. Newton also theorized that light was composed of particles but had to associate the property of light with waves in order to explain refraction of light.