George Eliot, Middlemarch (Ware, Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 1994), 620.
Darrin M. McMahon, Divine Fury: A History of Genius (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 229.
Странную историю о посмертных исследованиях мозга Эйнштейна см.: Michael Paterniti, Driving Mr. Albert: A Trip Across America with Einstein’s Brain (New York: Random House, 2001).
Paul G. Bahn, The Mystery of Mozart’s Skull: The Face of Mozart, Archeology (March – April 1991): 38–41; Luke Harding, DNA Detectives Discover More Skeletons in Mozart Family Closet, Guardian, January 8, 2006, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/09/arts.music.
. Leonardo da Vinci’s DNA: Experts Unite to Shine Modern Light on a Renaissance Genius, EurekAlert! May 5, 2016, https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-05/tca-ldv050316.php.
Paul Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), 119–120.
Arthur Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, 3rd ed., vol. 2, book 3, chap. 31 (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1859), https://www.amazon.com/Die-Welt-Wille-Vorstellung-German/dp/3843040400, 627.
Dylan Love, The 13 Most Memorable Quotes from Steve Jobs, Business Insider, October 5, 2011, https://www.businessinsider.com/the-13-most-memorable-quotes-from-steve-jobs-2011-10.
Nikola Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, edited by David Major (Middletown, DE: Philovox, 2016), 55.
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, quoted in McMahon, Divine Fury, 90.
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Implications of a Systems Perspective for the Study of Creativity, in Handbook of Creativity, edited by Robert J. Sternberg (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 311–334.
Apology, translated by Benjamin Jowett, para. 8, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html.
«Юлий Цезарь» (пьеса). – Прим. перев.
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, edited by Nora Barlow (New York: W. W. Norton, 1958), 38.
Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, edited and translated by H. M. Parshley (New York: Random House, 1989), 133.
Giorgio Vasari, The Lives of the Artists, translated by Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter Bondanella (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991), 284.
Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Leonardo da Vinci (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 179.
Carmen C. Bambach, Michelangelo: Divine Draftsman and Designer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), 35, 39.
Цитируется по: Helia Phoenix, Lady Gaga: Just Dance The Biography (London: Orion Books, 2010), 84.
Lewis Lockwood, Beethoven: The Music and the Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 12.
Tom Lutz, Viewers Angry After Michael Phelps Loses Race to Computer-Generated Shark, Guardian, July 24, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jul/24/michael-phelps-swimming-race-shark-discovery-channel.
Danielle Allentuck, Simone Biles Takes Gymnastics to a New Level. Again, New York Times, August 9, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/sports/gymnastics-simone-biles.html.
Sade Strehlke, How August Cover Star Simone Biles Blazes Through Expectations, Teen Vogue (June 30, 2016), https://www.teenvogue.com/story/simone-biles-summer-olympics-cover-august-2016.
Simone Biles Teaches Gymnastic Fundamentals, MasterClass, 2019, lesson 3, at 0:50.
Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (London: MacMillan, 1869), http://galton.org/books/hereditary-genius/1869-FirstEdition/hereditarygenius1869galt.pdf, 1.
О селекции лошадей см.: Allison Schrager, Secretariat’s Kentucky Derby Record Is Safe, Thanks to the Taxman, Wall Street Journal, May 3, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/secretariats-kentucky-derby-record-is-safe-thanks-to-the-taxman-11556920680. О биологическом детерминизме в целом см.: Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), chap. 5.
Robert Plomin, Nature and Nurture: An Introduction to Human Behavioral Genetics (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2004).
Andrew Robinson, Sudden Genius? The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), 9.
Там же, 256.
Dean Keith Simonton, Talent and Its Development: An Emergenic and Epigenetic Model, Psychological Review 106, no. 3 (July 1999): 440.
David T. Lykken, The Genetics of Genius, in Genius and the Mind: Studies of Creativity and Temperament, edited by Andrew Steptoe (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998), 28; Robinson, Sudden Genius?, 256.
Havelock Ellis, A Study of British Genius (London: Hurst and Blackett, 2017 [1904]), 94 ff.
Gilbert Gottlieb, Normally Occurring Environmental and Behavioral Influences on Gene Activity: From Central Dogma to Probabilistic Epigenesis, Psychological Review 105, no. 3 (1995): 792–802.
K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch-Römer, The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance, Psychological Review 100, vol. 3 (July 1993): 363–406. См. также: John A. Sloboda, Jane W. Davidson, Michael J. A. Howe, and Derek G. Moore, The Role of Practice in the Development of Performing Musicians, British Journal of Psychology 87 (May 1996): 287–309.
Ericsson et al., The Role of Deliberate Practice, 397.
Ellen Winner, Gifted Children: Myths and Realities (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3.
О карьере Сезанна см.: Alex Danchev, Cézanne: A Life (New York: Random House, 2012), 106, 110, 116; Lawrence Gowing, Cézanne: The Early Years (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988), 110.
La Voz de Galicia, February 21, 1895, quoted in John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 1881–1906 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 55.
Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 67.
David W. Galenson, Old Masters and Young Geniuses (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 24.
Там же, 23.
Danchev, Cézanne, 12.
’The Father of Us All’, Artsy, February 6, 2014, https://www.artsy.net/article/matthew-the-father-of-us-all.
Brooke N. MacNamara, David Z. Hambrick, and Frederick L. Oswald, Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-analysis, Psychological Science 8 (July 2014): 1608–1618.
К этому имейлу от 4 августа 2019 года Чен сделал следующую приписку: «P. S. Я прочитал это своей (китайской) матери, и она не согласилась с цифрами 20 и 80 процентов. Мама ставит на первое место труд: 80 процентов труд и 20 процентов удача и возможности. Менталитет матери-тигрицы, верно? Интересно, почему разные культуры и воспитание способны так сильно влиять на мнение человека по данным вопросам?»
Подробнее об истории стандартизированных тестов на определение IQ см.: Simonton, Talent and Its Development, 440–448; Darrin McMahon, Divine Fury: A History of Genius (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 178–185.
Deborah Solomon, The Science of Second-Guessing, New York Times, December 12, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/magazine/the-science-of-secondguessing.html.
Martin André Rosanoff, Edison in His Laboratory, Harper’s Magazine (September 1932), https://harpers.org/archive/1932/09/edison-in-his-laboratory/.
Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 56–57.
Дело «Григгс против Duke Power Company», 1971. Однако тест на определение IQ и аналогичные тесты по-прежнему могут использоваться в качестве предикторов эффективности работы, если это не приводит к дискриминации по расовым, религиозным, национальным или гендерным признакам.
William E. Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test: Noncognitive Assessment in Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004), 61–63.
Catherine Rampell, SAT Scores and Family Income, New York Times, August 27, 2009, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/sat-scores-and-family-income/; Zachary Goldfarb, These Four Charts Show How the SAT Favors Rich, Educated Families, Washington Post, March 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/03/05/these-four-charts-show-how-the-sat-favors-the-rich-educated-families/; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test, 68.
Aamer Madhani, University of Chicago Becomes the First Elite College to Make SAT, ACT Optional for Applicants, USA Today, June 14, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/14/university-chicago-sat-act-optional/701153002/.
Anemona Hartocollis, University of California Is Sued over Use of SAT and ACT, New York Times, December 10, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/us/sat-act-uc-lawsuit.html.
См., например, Lenora Chu, Little Soldiers: An American Boy, a Chinese School, and the Global Race to Achieve (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 252; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test, 60.
Caitlin Macy, AP Tests Are Still a Great American Equalizer, Wall Street Journal, February 22, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ap-tests-are-still-a-great-american-equalizer-11550854920.
См., например, Caroline Goldenberg, School Removes AP Courses for Incoming Freshmen, Horace Mann Record, June 5, 2018, https://record.horacemann.org/2078/uncategorized/school-removes-ap-courses-for-incoming-freshman-class/.
Adam Grant, What Straight-A Students Get Wrong, New York Times, December 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/08/opinion/college-gpa-career-success.html.
Tom Clynes, How to Raise a Genius, Nature (September 7, 2016), https://www.nature.com/news/how-to-raise-a-genius-lessons-from-a-45-year-study-of-super-smart-children-1.20537.
Nancy Andreasen, The Creating Brain: The Neuroscience of Genius (New York: Dana Foundation, 2005), 10–13. См. также: Barbara Burks, Dortha Jensen, and Lewis Terman, Genetic Studies of Genius, vol. 3: The Promise of Youth: Follow-Up Studies of a Thousand Gifted Students (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1930).
Marjorie Garber, Our Genius Problem, The Atlantic (December 2002), https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/12/our-genius-problem/308435/.
Malcolm Jones, How Darwin and Lincoln Shaped Us, Newsweek (June 28, 2008), https://www.newsweek.com/how-darwin-and-lincoln-shaped-us-91091.
Thomas Montalbo, Churchill: A Study in Oratory: Seven Lessons in Speechmaking from One of the Greatest Orators of All Time, International Churchill Society, https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-069/churchill-a-study-in-oratory/.
Ann Hulbert, Off the Charts: The Hidden Lives and Lessons of American Child Prodigies (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2018), 56; Andrew Robinson, Is High Intelligence Necessary to be a Genius?, Psychology Today (January 2, 2011), https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sudden-genius/201101/is-high-intelligence-necessary-be-genius.
J. K. Rowling, Very Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and the Importance of Imagination (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), 23.
Walter Isaacson, Albert Einstein: His Life and Universe (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 48.
Duncan Clark, Alibaba: The House That Jack Ma Built (New York: HarperCollins, 2016), 44.
Michael Barrier, The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 18–19.
Jaime Sabartés, Picasso: An Intimate Portrait (London: W. H. Allen, 1948), 36–39. См. также: Roland Penrose, Picasso: His Life and Work, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 18–19; Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 33.
Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983), esp. chap. 4.
Rowling, Very Good Lives, 11–23.
Alison Flood, JK Rowling’s Writing Advice: Be a Gryffindor, Guardian, January 8, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2019/jan/08/jk-rowlings-writing-advice-be-a-gryffindor.