Damien Gayle, “Avoid London for Days, Police Warn Motorists, amid ‘Swarming Protests,’” The Guardian, November 21, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com.
Savannah Lovelock and Sarah Lunnon, interviewed by Sophie Ridge, Sophie Ridge on Sunday, Sky News, October 6, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArO_xH5Vm8.
Cameron Brick and Ben Kenward, “Analysis of Public Opinion in Response to the Extinction Rebellion Actions in London,” Ben Kenward (website), April 22, 2019, http://www.benkenward.com/XRSurvey/AnalysisOfPublicOpinionInResponseToTheExtinctionRebellionActionsInLondonV2.pdf.
“International Poll: Most Expect to Feel Impact of Climate Change, Many Think It Will Make Us Extinct,” YouGov, September 14, 2019, https://yougov.co.uk.
Ben Kenward, “Analysis of Public Opinion in Response to the Extinction Rebellion Actions in London, April 2019,” April 20, 2019, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dfKFPVghcb4-b9peTyCgR3pu84_8OjGR/view.
Mattha Busby, “Extinction Rebellion Protesters Spray Fake Blood on to Treasury,” The Guardian, October 3, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com.
“Provisional UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics 2018,” Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, March 28, 2019, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/provisional-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics-2018. “Historical Electricity Data: 1920 to 2018,” Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, July 25, 2019, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/historical-electricity-data. // The carbon intensity of electricity from the United Kingdom’s power stations fell by 50 percent between 2000 and 2018, based on emissions and electricity production data from the UK government.
Sarah Lunnon, interviewed by Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby, This Morning, ITV, October 17, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACLmQsPocNs.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
“Protesters Dragged off DLR Train as Extinction Rebellion Delay Commuters in London,” The Guardian, October 17, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com. The Telegraph, “Commuters Turn on Extinction Rebellion as Protesters Target the Tube,” YouTube, October 17, 2019, https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=9P1UXYS6Bmg
Christopher Flavelle, “Climate Change Threatens the World’s Food Supply, United Nations Warns,” New York Times, August 8, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
Ibid.
Gaia Vince, “The Heat Is On over the Climate Crisis. Only Radical Measures Will Work,” The Guardian, May 18, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com.
Robinson Meyer, “The Oceans We Know Won’t Survive Climate Change,” The Atlantic, September 25, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com.
Stefan Rahmstorf, Jason E. Box, Georg Feulner et al., “Exceptional Twentieth-Century Slowdown in Atlantic Ocean Overturning Circulation,” Nature Climate Change 5 (2015): 475–80, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2554.
S. E. Chadburn, E. J. Burke, P. M. Cox et al., “An Observation-Based Constraint on Permafrost Loss as a Function of Global Warming,” Nature Climate Change 7 (2017): 340–44, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3262.
Robinson Meyer, “The Oceans We Know Won’t Survive Climate Change,” The Atlantic, September 25, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com.
Richard W. Spinrad and Ian Boyd, “Our Deadened, Carbon-Soaked Seas,” New York Times, October 15, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com. John Ross, “Ex-judge to Investigate Controversial Marine Research,” Times Higher Education, January 8, 2020.
“Top 20 Most Destructive California Fires,” California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, August 8, 2019, https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5511/top20_destruction.pdf.
Natacha Larnaud, “ ‘This Will Only Get Worse in the Future’: Experts See Direct Line Between California Wildfires and Climate Change,” CBS News, October 30, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com.
Leonardo DiCaprio (@LeoDiCaprio), “The reason these wildfires have worsened is because of climate change and a historic drought. Helping victims and fire relief efforts in our state should not be a partisan issue,” Twitter, November 10, 2018, 3:32 p.m., https://twitter.com/leodicaprio/status/1061401158856687616.
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@AOC), “This is what climate change looks like. The GOP like to mock scientific warnings about climate change as exaggeration. But just look around: it’s already starting. We have 10 years to cut carbon emissions in half. If we don’t, scenes like this can get much worse. #GreenNewDeal,” Twitter, October 28, 2019, 6:09 a.m., https://twitter.com/aoc/status/1188805012631310336.
Farhad Manjoo, “It’s the End of California as We Know It,” New York Times, October 30, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
Scott Neuman, “Enormous ‘Megafire’ in Australia Engulfs 1.5 Million Acres,” NPR, January 10, 2020, accessed January 15, 2020, https://www.npr.org. “Fathers, son, newlyweds: Nation mourns 29 lives lost to bushfires,” Daily Telegraph, January 22, 2020, https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au.
David Wallace-Wells, The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2019), 16.
Pat Bradley, “Leading Environmentalist Reacts to Latest IPCC Report,” WAMC, October 9, 2018, https://www.wamc.org/post/leading-environmentalist-reacts-latest-ipcc-report.
Coral Davenport, “Major Climate Report Describes a Strong Risk of Crisis as Early as 2040,” New York Times, October 7, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com.
Guardian News, “ ‘I Want You to Panic’: 16-Year-Old Issues Climate Warning at Davos,” YouTube, January 25, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjsLm5PCdVQ.
William Cummings, “ ‘The World Is Going to End in 12 Years if We Don’t Address Climate Change,’ Ocasio-Cortez says,” USA Today, January 22, 2019, https://www.usatoday.com.
Andrew Freedman, “Climate Scientists Refute 12-Year Deadline to Curb Global Warming,” Axios, January 22, 2019, https://www.axios.com.
Ibid.
V. Masson-Delmonte, Panmao Zhai, Hans-Otto Pörtner et al., eds, Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf.
Liz Kalaugher, “Scientist or Climate Activist – Where’s the Line?” Physics World, September 20, 2019, https://physicsworld.com/a/climate-scientist-or-climate-activist-wheres-the-line.
Kerry Emanuel (climate scientist, MIT) in discussion with the author, November 15, 2019.
Andrew Freedman, “Climate Scientists Refute 12-Year Deadline to Curb Global Warming,” Axios, January 22, 2019, https://www.axios.com.
Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Global Deaths from Natural Disasters,” Our World in Data, accessed October 25, 2019, https://ourworldindata.org/natural-disasters. Data published by EMDAT (2019): OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Université Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgium. Data for individual years are summed over ten-year intervals from first to last year of each calendar decade.
Giuseppe Formetta and Luc Feyen, “Empirical Evidence of Declining Global Vulnerability to Climate-Related Hazards,” Global Environmental Change 57 (July 2019): article 101920, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.05.004.
“Sea Level Change: Scientific Understanding and Uncertainties,” in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, edited by Thomas F. Stocker, Dahe Quin, Gian-Kasper Plattner et al., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/WG1AR5_SummaryVolume_FINAL.pdf, 47–59.
The Zuidplaspolder in the western Netherlands is 6.76m below sea level. The IPCC in its Medium scenario (RCP4.5) predicts a 0.39m median sea level rise from a 1990 baseline through year 2200.
“Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100,” Dutch Water Sector, May 20, 2019, https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/bangladesh-delta-plan-2100; “Deltaplan Bangladesh,” Deltares, https://www.deltares.nl/en/projects/deltaplan-bangladesh-2.
Jon. E. Keeley (U.S. Geological Survey scientist), in discussion with the author, November 4, 2019; Jon. E. Keeley and Alexandra Syphard, “Different historical fire – climate patterns in California,”International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 4 (January 2017): 253, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF16102.
Alexandra D. Syphard, John E. Keeley, Anne H. Pfaff, and Ken Ferschweiler, “Human Presence Diminishes the Importance of Climate in Driving Fire Activity Across the United States,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114, no. 52 (December 2017): 13750–55, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713885114.
Alexandria Symonds, “Amazon Rainforest Fires: Here’s What’s Really Happening,” New York Times, August 23, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
Timothy D. Clark, Graham D. Raby, Dominique G. Roche et al., “Ocean Acidification Does Not Impair the Behaviour of Coral Reef Fishes,” Nature 557 (2020): 370–75, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1903-y. John Ross, “Ex-judge to Investigate Controversial Marine Research,” Times Higher Education, January 8, 2020.
The Future of Food and Agriculture: Alternative Pathways to 2050, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018, http://www.fao.org/3/I8429EN/i8429en.pdf, 76–77.
Eric Holt-Giménez, Annie Shattuck, Miguel Altieri, et al., “We Already Grow Enough Food for 10 Billion People… and Still Can’t End Hunger,” Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 36, no. 6 (2012): 595–98, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.695331. The Future of Food and Agriculture: Alternative Pathways to 2050, 82.
The Future of Food and Agriculture: Alternative Pathways to 2050, 76–77.
“IPCC, “Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development”, In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report. 2018. Nordhaus, William. “Projections and Uncertainties About Climate Change in an Era of Minimal Climate Policies.” 2018. doi:10.3386/w22933.41. Though some experts call the country “Democratic Republic of the Congo,” in part because there is a different, smaller nation called “Republic of the Congo,” many in the DRC refer to it simply as “the Congo.”
For more information on the Great African War and its impact on the Congo, see David Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History of a People (New York: HarperCollins, 2010) and Gérard Prunier, Africa’s World Wars: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), 338.
“Democratic Republic of the Congo Travel Advisory,” U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, January 2, 2020, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-travel-advisory.html.
“Access to Electricity (% of Population): Congo, Rep., Congo, Dem. Rep,” World Bank Group, https://data.worldbank.org.
Africa Energy Outlook: A Focus on Energy Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa(Paris: International Energy Agency, 2014), 32.
Pauline Bax and Williams Clowes, “Three Gorges Has Nothing on ChinaBacked Dam to Power Africa,” Bloomberg, August 5, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com.
Katharine J. Mach, Caroline M. Kraan, W. Neil Adger et al., “Climate as a Risk Factor for Armed Conflict,” Nature 571 (2019): 193–97, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6.
“Globally, medium to high levels of land degradation are related to increased conflict, as are very high levels of water scarcity, but the relative increases in risk are quite small. Increasing levels of land degradation increase the risk of conflict from a baseline of 1 percent to between 2–4 percent.” Hedrik Urdal, “People vs. Malthus: Population Pressure, Environmental Degradation and Armed Conflict Revisited,” Journal of Peace Research 42 (2005): 417–34, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343305054089. Clionadh Raleigh and Henrik Urdal, “Climate Change, Demography, Environmental Degradation and Armed Conflict,” Environmental Change and Security Programme 13 (2008–2009): 27–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.005.
Michael Oppenheimer, Bruce C. Glavovic, Jochen Hinkel et al., “Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities,” in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/08_SROCC_Ch04_FINAL.pdf, 321–445.
Clionadh Raleigh and Henrik Urdal, “Climate Change, Demography, Environmental Degradation and Armed Conflict,” Environmental Change and Security Programme 13 (2008–2009): 27–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.005.
David Van Reybrouk, Congo: An Epic History of a People (New York: HarperCollins, 2014).
World Bank, “GDP (current US$)-Congo, Dem. Rep.,” World Bank, accessed January 15, 2020, https://data.worldbank.org.
Ibid.
Peter Jones and David Smith, “UN Report on Rwanda Fuelling Congo Conflict ‘Blocked by US,’ ” The Guardian, June 20, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com.
Tom Wilson, David Blood, and David Pilling, “Congo Voting Data Reveal Huge Fraud in Poll to Replace Kabila,” Financial Times, January 15, 2019, https://www.ft.com.
Myles Allen and Sarah Lunnon, interviewed by Emma Barrett, Newsnight, BBC, aired October 10, 2019, on BBC.
Sarah Lunnon (Extinction Rebellion spokesperson) in discussion with the author, November 26, 2019.
Gaia Vince, “The Heat Is On over the Climate Crisis. Only Radical Measures Will Work,” The Guardian, May 18, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com.
Sarah Lunnon (Extinction Rebellion spokesperson) in discussion with the author, November 26, 2019.
Johan Rockström (director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research) in discussion with the author, November 27, 2019.
Johan Rockström (director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research) in discussion with the author, November 27, 2019.
Johan Rockström (director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research) in discussion with the author, November 27, 2019.
Johan Rockström (director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research) in discussion with the author, November 27, 2019.
Hans van Meijl et al., “Comparing impacts of climate change and mitigation on global agriculture by 2050,” Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 6 (2018), https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748–9326/aabdc4/pdf.
“This occurs because… land-based mitigation leads to less land availability for food production, potentially lower food supply, and therefore food price increases.” Cheikh Mbow et al., “Chapter Five: Food Security,” in V. Masson-Delmotte et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (IPCC, 2019), https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/SRCCL-Full-Report-Compiled-191128.pdf.
FAO, The Future of Food and Agriculture – Alternative Pathways to 2050 (Rome: United Nations, 2018), accessed December 16, 2019, http://www.fao.org/global-perspectives-studies/food-agriculture-projections-to-2050/en.
Roger Pielke, Jr., “I Am Under Investigation,” The Climate Fix (blog), February 25, 2015, https://theclimatefix.wordpress.com/2015/02/25/i-am-under-investigation.
Roger Pielke, Jr., The Climate Fix: What Scientists and Politicians Won’t Tell You About Global Warming (New York: Basic Books, 2011), 162.
Laurens M. Bouwer, Ryan P. Crompton, Eberhard Faust et al., “Confronting Disaster Losses,” Science 318 (December 2007): 753, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5871449_Disaster_management_Confronting_disaster_losses. Peter Höppe and Roger Pielke, Jr., eds., “Workshop on Climate Change and Disaster Losses: Understanding and Attributing Trends and Projections,” May 25-26, 2006, Hohenkammer, Germany, https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/research_areas/sparc/research/projects/extreme_events/munich_workshop/ccdl_workshop_brochure.pdf.
Roger Pielke, Jr., The Climate Fix: What Scientists and Politicians Won’t Tell You About Global Warming, 171.
Jessica Weinkle, Chris Landsea, Douglas Collins, et al., “Normalized Hurricane Damage in the Continental United States 1900–2017,” Nature Sustainability 1 (2018): 808–813, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0165–2; Roger Pielke, Jr., The Climate Fix: What Scientists and Politicians Won’t Tell You About Global Warming, 171.
Roger Pielke, Jr., The Climate Fix: What Scientists and Politicians Won’t Tell You About Global Warming, 171.
Pielke cited two studies for this claim: Thomas Knutson, Suzana J. Camargo, Johnny C. L. Chan et al., “Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part I: Detection and Attribution,” American Meteorological Society, October 2019, https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0189.1, and “2019 Atlantic Hurricane Season,” National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center, https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr. Roger Pielke, Jr., “When Is Climate Change Just Weather? What Hurricane Dorian Coverage Mixes Up, on Purpose,” Forbes, September 4, 2019, https://www.forbes.com.
Roger Pielke, Jr., The Climate Fix: What Scientists and Politicians Won’t Tell You About Global Warming, 170–172.
Roger Pielke, Jr., “My Unhappy Life as a Climate Heretic,” Wall Street Journal, December 2, 2016, https://www.wsj.com.
Christopher B. Field, Vicente Barros, Thomas F. Stocker et al., eds., Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX_Full_Report-1.pdf, 9.
Roger Pielke, Jr., The Climate Fix: What Scientists and Politicians Won’t Tell You About Global Warming, 175.
Roger Pielke, Jr., “Disasters Cost More than Ever – but Not Because of Climate Change,” FiveThirtyEight, March 19, 2014, https://fivethirtyeight.com.
Roger Pielke, Jr., The Climate Fix: What Scientists and Politicians Won’t Tell You About Global Warming, 174.
Roger Pielke, Jr., “Disasters Cost More than Ever – but Not Because of Climate Change.”
Roger Pielke, Jr., “Disasters Cost More than Ever – but Not Because of Climate Change.”
Robinson Meyer, “The Oceans We Know Won’t Survive Climate Change,” Atlantic, September 25, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com.
Michael Oppenheimer (IPCC author) in discussion with the author, December 26, 2019.
Michael Oppenheimer (IPCC author) in discussion with the author, December 26, 2019.
Michael Oppenheimer (IPCC author) in discussion with the author, December 26, 2019.
Michael Oppenheimer (IPCC author) in discussion with the author, December 26, 2019.
Michael Oppenheimer (IPCC author) in discussion with the author, December 26, 2019.
“Project Information Document (PID) Concept Stage: DRC – Growth with Governance in the Mineral Sector,” Report no. AB3834, World Bank, March 24, 2009, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/341011468234300132/pdf/Project0Inform1cument1Concept0Stage.pdf. Ernest Mpararo, “Democratic Republic of the Congo,” Transparency International, 2018, https://www.transparency.org/country/COD. For an overview of Congo’s history and the role of colonialism and decolonization, see Van Reybrouck, Congo. Congo ranks 161st out of 180 (the highest) in terms of perceived corruption.
“Top 20 Deadliest California Wildfires,” California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, September 27, 2019, https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/5512/top20_deadliest.pdf.
Jon E. Keeley and Alexandra D. Syphard, “Twenty-first Century California, USA, Wildfires: Fuel-Dominated vs. Wind-Dominated Fires,” Fire Ecology 15, article no. 24, July 18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0041-0.
Jon E. Keeley and Alexandra D. Syphard, “Historical Patterns of Wildfire Ignition Sources in California Ecosystems,” International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 12 (2018): 781–99, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18026.
Jon. E. Keeley (U.S. Geological Survey scientist) in discussion with the author, November 4, 2019.
Jon. E. Keeley (U.S. Geological Survey scientist) in discussion with the author, November 4, 2019.
Jon. E. Keeley (U.S. Geological Survey scientist) in discussion with the author, November 4, 2019.
Jon. E. Keeley (U.S. Geological Survey scientist) in discussion with the author, November 4, 2019.
Jon. E. Keeley (U.S. Geological Survey scientist) in discussion with the author, November 4, 2019.
David Packham, interviewed by Andrew Bolt, The Bolt Report, Sky News Australia, November 11, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6RrgBrb6R8.
S. Ellis, P. Kanowski, and R.J. Whelan, “National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management,” University of Wollongong Research Online, March 31, 2004, https://ro.uow.edu.au. Luke Henrique-Gomes, “Bushfires death toll rises to 33 after body found in burnt-out house near Moruya,” Guardian, January 24, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com. “Bushfire – Southeast Victoria,” Australia Institute for Disaster Resilience, https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire-south-east-victoria. Bernard Teague, Ronald McLeod, and Susan Pascoe, Final Report Summary, Victorian Brushfires Royal Commission, 2009. http://royalcommission.vic.gov.au/finaldocuments/summary/PF/VBRC_Summary_PF.pdf. // “Black Friday bushfires, 1939,” Australia Institute for Disaster Resilience, https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/bushfire-black-friday-victoria-1939.
Lauren Jeffrey (British YouTuber) in discussion with the author, December 3, 2019.
Dan McDougall, “‘Ecological grief’: Greenland residents traumatised by climate emergency,” Guardian, August 12, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com; Mary Ward, “Climate anxiety is real, and young people are feeling it,” Sydney Morning Herald, September 20, 2019, https://www.smh.com.au.
Susan Clayton et al., “Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, and Guidance,” American Psychological Association and ecoAmerica, March 2017, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/03/mental-health-climate.pdf.
Reuters, “One in five UK children report nightmares about climate change,” March 2, 2020.
Sonia Elks, “Suffering Eco-anxiety over Climate Change, Say Psychologists,” Reuters, September 19, 2019, https://www.reuters.com.
Rupert Read, “How I Talk with Children About Climate Breakdown,” YouTube (video), August 18, 2019, https://youtu.be/6Lt0jCDtYSY.
Zion Lights, interviewed by Andrew Neil, The Andrew Neil Show, BBC, aired October 10, 2019, on BBC, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=7&v=pO1TTcETyuU&feature=emb_logo.
Здесь и далее: по состоянию на июль 2022 года Facebook, Instagram, Twitter и Linkedin внесены в реестр запрещенных сайтов на территории РФ.
Lauren Jeffrey, “An Open Letter to Extinction Rebellion,” YouTube (video), October 21, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyYPLkWV3l0.
Peter James Spielmann, “UN Predicts Disaster if Global Warming Not Checked,” Associated Press, June 29, 1989, https://apnews.com.
Roger Pielke, Jr., “The Uninhabitable Earth – Future Imperfect,” Financial Times, March 8, 2019, https://www.ft.com.
Allyson Chiu, “ ‘It Snuck up on Us’: Scientists Stunned by ‘City-Killer’ Asteroid That Just Missed Earth,” «The Washington Post», July 26, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com.
Nick Perry, “Death toll from New Zealand volcano rises to 21 as victim dies from injuries nearly two months later,” Independent, January 29, 2020, https://www.independent.co.uk.
“ ‘Stealth Transmission’ Fuels Fast Spread of Coronavirus Outbreak,” Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, February 26, 2020, https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/stealth-transmission-fuels-fast-spread-coronavirus-outbreak.
Kerry Emanuel (climate scientist, MIT) in discussion with the author, November 15, 2019.
International Energy Agency, “Global CO2 Emissions in 2019,” February 11, 2020. European Commission, “Progress Made in Cutting Emissions,” accessed March 2, 2020. Carbon Brief, “Analysis: Why US carbon emissions have fallen 14 % since 2005,” August 15, 2017. BP Energy Data, 2019.
USA emissions from EIA, “US Carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption (from 1973),” EIA, accessed February 1, 2020, https://www.eia.gov/environment/data.php. UK emissions from UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, “National Statistics: Provisional UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions National Statistics 2018,” UK government website, March 28, 2019, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/provisional-uk-greenhouse-gas-emis sions-national-statistics-2018.
Justin Ritchie (@jritch), “With this in mind, it is fair to say that the global energy system today, as modeled by IEA, is tracking much closer to 2˚ of warming this century than previously thought. Thread: 5/11,” Twitter, November 18, 2019, 9:37 a.m., https://twitter.com/jritch/status /1196482584710004736.
Leonardo DiCaprio (@leonardodicaprio), “#Regram #RG @rainforest alliance: The lungs of the Earth are in flames…,” Instagram photo, August 22, 2019, https://www.instagram.com/p/B1eBsWDlfF1/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet. Cristiano Ronaldo (@cristiano), “The Amazon Rainforest produces more than 20 % of the world’s oxygen and its been burning for the past 3 weeks. It’s our responsibility to help to save our planet. #prayforamazonia,” Twitter, August 22, 2019, https://twitter.com/Cristiano/status/1164588606436106240?s=20. Journalists, too, described the Amazon as the lungs of the world. “The Amazon remains a net source of oxygen today,” said a journalist on CNN. Susan Scutti, “Here’s What We Know About the Fires in the Amazon Rainforest,” CNN, August 24, 2019, https://www.cnn.com.
Alexandria Symonds, “Amazon Rainforest Fires: Here’s What’s Really Happening,” New York Times, August 23, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
Max Fisher, “ ‘It’s Really Close’: How the Amazon Rainforest Could SelfDestruct,” New York Times, August 30, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
Symonds, “Amazon Rainforest Fires: Here’s What’s Really Happening.”
Franklin Foer, “The Amazon Fires Are More Dangerous than WMDs,” The Atlantic, August 24, 2019. Alexander Zaitchik, “Rainforest on Fire,” The Intercept, July 6, 2019, https://theclimatecenter.org/rainforest-on-fire.
Emmanuel Macron, “Our house is burning. Literally. The Amazon rainforest – the lungs which produces 20 % of our planet’s oxygen – is on fire. It is an international crisis. Members of the G7 Summit, let’s discuss this emergency first order in two days! #ActForTheAmazon,” Twitter, August 22, 2019, 12:15 p.m., https://twitter.com/emmanuelmacron/status/1164617008962527232.
Kendra Pierre-Louis, “The Amazon, Siberia, Indonesia: A World of Fire,” New York Times, August 28, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
“Communication to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in the Case of Sacchi et al. v. Argentina et al.,” September 23, 2019, https://childrenvsclimatecrisis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2019.09.23-CRC-communication-Sacchi-et-al-v.-Argentina-et-al-2.pdf.
“Land Use,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL.
Jane Brody, “Concern for the Rainforest Has Begun to Blossom,” New York Times, October 13, 1987, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad,” Environmental Progress, August 25, 2019, http://environmentalprogress.org/big-news/2019/8/29/an-interview-with-founder-of-earth-innovation-dan-nepstad.
Yadvinder Malhi, “Does the Amazon Provide 20 % of Our Oxygen?” August 24, 2019, http://www.yadvindermalhi.org/blog/does-the-amazon-provide-20-of-our-oxygen.
Doyle Rice, “What Would the Earth Be Like Without the Amazon Rainforest?” USA Today, August 28, 2019, https://www.usatoday.com.
Valerie Richardson, “Celebrities Get Fact-Checked After Sharing Fake Photos of Amazon Rainforest Fire,” Washington Times, August 26, 2019, https://www.washingtontimes.com.
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Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2006), 87, 106.
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“The significant reduction in deforestation that has taken place in recent years, despite rising food commodity prices, indicates that policies put in place to curb conversion of native vegetation to agriculture land might be effective. This can improve the prospects for protecting native vegetation by investing in agricultural intensification.” Alberto G. O. P. Barretto, Göran Berndes, Gerd Sparovek, and Stefan Wirsenius, “Agricultural Intensification in Brazil and Its Effects on Land-Use Patterns: An Analysis of the 1975–2006 Period,” Global Change Biology 19, no. 6 (2013): 1804–1815, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12174.
Jing M. Chen et al., “Vegetation structural change since 1981 significantly enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink,” Nature Communications 10, no. 4259 (October 2019): 1–7, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12257–8.pdf.
Jing M. Chen et al., “Vegetation structural change since 1981 significantly enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink,” Nature Communications 10, no. 4259 (October 2019): 1–7, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12257–8.pdf.
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Alex Gray, “Sweden’s Forests Have Doubled in Size over the Last 100 Years,” World Economic Forum, December 13, 2018, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/swedens-forests-have-been-growing-for-100-years.
A major study of 111 nations found a negative relationship between temperature and labor productivity that was statistically significant. In fact, researchers found that a nation’s temperature level is the second-most contributing factor to explaining labor productivity overall. The greatest contributing factor was simply already being a highly developed nation. Kemal Yildirim, Cuneyt Koyuncu, and Julide Koyuncu, “Does Temperature Affect Labor Productivity: Cross-Country Evidence,” Applied Econometrics and International Development 9, no. 1 (2009): 29–38, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cuneyt_Koyuncu/publication/227410116_Does_Temperature_Affect_Labor_Productivity_Cross-Country_Evidence/links/0a85e53467d19369e8000000/Does-Temperature-Affect-Labor-Productivity-Cross-Country-Evidence.pdf.
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Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, Ibid., 21–23.
Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, Ibid., 19.
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Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, Ibid., 24–26.
Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, Ibid., 25-29.
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Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis, an Abridgment, 146.
Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1500–1800 (Oxford University Press, 1983), 192. Animals in England, writes a historian, “had been divided into the wild, to be tamed or eliminated, the domestic, to be exploited for useful purposes, and the pet, to be cherished for emotional satisfaction.”
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Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
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John Briscoe, “Infrastructure First? Water Policy, Wealth, and Well-Being.”
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Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
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Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
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Dave Keating, “Macron’s Mercosur Veto – Are Amazon Fires Being Used as a Smokescreen for Protectionism?” Forbes, August 23, 2019, https://www.forbes.com.
Dave Keating, “Macron’s Mercosur Veto – Are Amazon Fires Being Used as a Smokescreen for Protectionism?” Forbes, August 23, 2019, https://www.forbes.com.
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“The analyses show that in agriculturally consolidated areas (mainly southern and southeastern Brazil), land-use intensification (both on cropland and pastures) coincided with either contraction of both cropland and pasture areas, or cropland expansion at the expense of pastures, both cases resulting in farmland stability or contraction. In contrast, in agricultural frontier areas (i.e., the deforestation zones in central and northern Brazil), land-use intensification coincided with expansion of agricultural lands. These observations provide support for the thesis that (i) technological improvements create incentives for expansion in agricultural frontier areas; and (ii) farmers are likely to reduce their managed acreage only if land becomes a scarce resource. The spatially explicit examination of land-use transitions since 1960 reveals an expansion and gradual movement of the agricultural frontier toward the interior (center-western Cerrado) of Brazil.” Barretto et al., “Agricultural Intensification in Brazil and Its Effects on Land-Use Patterns: An Analysis of the 1975–2006 Period.”
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Michael Shellenberger, “An Interview with Founder of Earth Innovation, Dan Nepstad.”
Juliana Gil, Rachael Garrett, and Thomas Berger, “Determinants of Crop-Livestock Integration in Brazil: Evidence from the Household and Regional Levels,” Land Use Policy 59, no. 31 (December 2016): 557–568, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.09.022.
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Christine Figgener, “Sea Turtle with Straw up Its Nostril–‘NO’ TO PLASTIC STRAWS,” YouTube, August 10, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wH878t78bw.
Christine Figgener, “Sea Turtle with Straw up Its Nostril–‘NO’ TO PLASTIC STRAWS,” YouTube, August 10, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wH878t78bw.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019/.
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Seth Borenstein, “Science Says: Amount of Straws, Plastic Pollution Is Huge.”
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Jambeck et al., “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean.”
Jambeck et al., “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean.”
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Mike Ives, “Recyclers Cringe as Southeast Asia Says It’s Sick of the West’s Trash,” New York Times, June 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Jambeck et al., “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean.”
Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.
Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.
Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.
Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.
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Collin P. Ward, “Sunlight Converts Polystyrene to Carbon Dioxide and Dissolved Organic Carbon.”
Collin P. Ward, “Sunlight Converts Polystyrene to Carbon Dioxide and Dissolved Organic Carbon.”
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Martha Chaiklin, “Imports and Autarky: Tortoiseshell in Early Modern Japan,” in Luxury and Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000, edited by Bernd-Stefan Grewe and Karen Hoffmeester (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 218–21, 230, 236.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in discussion with the author, November 6, 2019.
According to the IUCN, “Disease appears to be a problem in some populations in some years, with diphtheritic stomatitis (caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium spp.) and the blood parasite Leucocytozoon tawaki, formerly only known from Fiordland penguins, causes of mortality for chicks… Human disturbance, particularly from unregulated tourists at breeding areas, negatively affects energy budgets, fledgling weight and probability of survival.” “Yellow-Eyed Penguin, Megadyptes antipodes,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018, BirdLife International, 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697800A132603494.en.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Nathaniel L. Bindoff, William W. L. Cheung, James G. Kairo et al., “Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities,” in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL-1.pdf.
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018, http://www.fao.org/3/I9540EN/i9540en.pdf, vii.
“Sharks,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=sharkspercent20&searchType=species. Sandra Altherr and Nicola Hodgins, Small Cetaceans, Big Problems: A Global Review of the Impacts of Hunting on Small Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Pro Wildlife, Animal Welfare Institute, and Whale and Dolphin Conservation, November 2018, https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/publication/digital_download/AWI-ML-Small-Cetaceans-Report.pdf.
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
Sophia Rosenbaum, “She Recorded That Heartbreaking Turtle Video. Here’s What She Wants Companies like Starbucks to Know About Plastic Straws,” Time, July 17, 2018, https://time.com.
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
Rebecca L. C. Taylor, “Bag Leakage: The Effect of Disposable Carryout Bag Regulations on Unregulated Bags,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 93 (January 2019): 254–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.01.001.
Bjørn Lomborg, “Sorry, Banning Plastic Bags Won’t Save Our Planet,” The Globe and Mail, June 20, 2019, https://www.theglobeandmail.com.
Eriksen et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea.”
For the specific case of carbonated drinks, see Franklin Associates, Life Cycle Inventory of Three Single-Serving Soft Drink Containers, report prepared for PET Resin Association, 2009, http://www.petresin.org/pdf/FranklinLCISodaContainers2009.pdf. For a general review, see Pan Demetrakakes, “This Material, or That?” Packaging Digest, March 11, 2015, www.packagingdigest.com/beverage-packaging/material-or.
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
Frida Røyne and Johanna Berlin, “The Importance of Including Service Life in the Climate Impact Comparison of Bioplastcs and Fossil-Based Plastics,” Research Institutes of Sweden, Report no. 23, 2018, http://ri.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1191391/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
A lifecycle assessment found that an engine component storage box made from conventional plastic could last six times as long as a bioplastics box under development. Ibid.
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
“Composting PLA and TPS results in higher impacts than landfilling in seven categories: smog, acidification, carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, respiratory effects, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion.” Troy A. Hottle, Melissa M. Bilec, and Amy E. Landis, “Biopolymer Production and End of Life Comparisons Using Life Cycle Assessment,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 122 (July 2017): 295–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.03.002.
Kunnika Changwichan, Thapat Silalertruksa, and Shabbir H. Gheewala, “Eco-Efficiency Assessment of Bioplastics Production Systems and Endof-Life Options,” Sustainability 10, no. 4 (March 2018): 952, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040952.
Daniel Posen, Paulina Jaramillo, Amy E. Landis, and W. Michael Griffin, “Greenhouse Gas Mitigation for U.S. Plastics Production: Energy First, Feedstocks Later,” Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 3 (December 2017), https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa60a7.
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
Marydele Donnelly, “Trade Routes for Tortoiseshell,” State of the World’s Sea Turtles (SWOT), Report Volume 3, February 1, 2008, https://www.seaturtlestatus.org/articles/2008/trade-routes-for-tortoiseshell. Associated Press, “Japan Agrees to End Endangered Hawksbill Turtle Imports After ’92,” Los Angeles Times, June 19, 1991, https://www.latimes.com.
Tina Deines, “Endangered hawksbill turtle shell trade is much bigger than scientists ever suspected,” National Geographic, March 27, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com.
Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
“World’s Biggest Producer of Plastic to Curtail Its Use,” Bloomberg News, January 19, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com
Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2014), 266–267.
“World Is ‘on Notice’ as Major UN Report Shows One Million Species Face Extinction,” UN News, May 6, 2019, https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/05/1037941. “UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’; Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating,’ ” Sustainable Development Goals, May 6, 2019, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report.
“UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented.’ ”
“UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented.’ ”
Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction.
Luke J. Harmon and Susan Harrison, “Species Diversity Is Dynamic and Unbounded at Local and Continental Scales,” American Naturalist 185, no. 5 (2015): 584–93, https://doi.org/10.1086/680859. See also Thomas J. Stohlgren, John D. Barnett, and John T. Kartesz, “The Rich Get Richer: Patterns of Plant Invasions in the United States,” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1, no. 1 (2003): 11–14, https://doi.org/10.2307/3867959. Scientists have known for decades that the evidence “overwhelmingly supports the openness of communities to new species, even at the small spatial scales where species interact and the influences of competition and resource supply should be strongest.” For a recent discussion, see Rubén G. Mateo, Karel Mokany, and Antoine Guisan, “Biodiversity Models: What If Unsaturation Is the Rule?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 32, no. 8 (2017): 556–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.05.003.
Fangliang He and Stephen P. Hubbell, “Species – Area Relationships Always Overestimate Extinction Rates from Habitat Loss,” Nature 473 (2011): 368–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09985.
Dov F. Sax, Steven D. Gaines, and James Brown, “Species Invasions Exceed Extinctions on Islands Worldwide: A Comparative Study of Plants and Birds,” The American Naturalist 160, no. 6 (2002): 766–783, https://doi.org/10.1086/343877.
Chris D. Thomas, “Rapid Acceleration of Plant Speciation During the Anthropocene,” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30, no. 8 (2015): 448–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.05.009.
Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction, 186.
Ibid., 186–187.
Mark Sagoff, “Welcome to the Narcisscene,” Breakthrough Journal no. 9 (Summer 2018), https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/no-9-summer-2018/welcome-to-the-narcisscene.
The IUCN Red List of Endangered Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org.
The IUCN Red List of Endangered Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org.
The number of marina animal genera increased from 2,000 to 5,500 over 100 million years. Genus (p. genera) is the taxonomic rank above species. Marine animal fossils are hardy and easier to study, so scientists use their fossil record to approximate overall extinctions and growth in Earth’s geological history. J. J. Sepkoski, “A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera,” Bulletins of American Paleontology 363 (2002): 1–560.
The number of marina animal genera increased from 2,000 to 5,500 over 100 million years. Genus (p. genera) is the taxonomic rank above species. Marine animal fossils are hardy and easier to study, so scientists use their fossil record to approximate overall extinctions and growth in Earth’s geological history. J. J. Sepkoski, “A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera,” Bulletins of American Paleontology 363 (2002): 1–560.
Peter Brannen, “Earth Is Not in the Midst of a Sixth Mass Extinction,” The Atlantic, June 13, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com.
Protected Planet Report 2018, United Nations Environment Programme, 2018, https://livereport.protectedplanet.net/pdf/Protected_Planet_Report_2018.pdf.
Marine Deguignet, Diego Juffe-Bignoli, Jerry Harrison et al., 2014 United Nations List of Protected Areas, United Nations Environment Programme, 2014, www.unep-wcmc.org.
A. J. Plumptre, S. Ayebare, D. Segan et al., “Conservation Action Plan for the Albertine Rift,” Wildlife Conservation Society and Its Partners, 2016, http://conservationcorridor.org/cpb/Plumptre_et_al_2016.pdf, 12.
“Living Planet Index,” 2018, Zoological Society of London and WWF, www.livingplanetindex.org.
Hannah Behrendt, Carole Megevand, and Klas Sander, “Deforestation Trends in the Congo Basin: Reconciling Economic Growth and Forest Protection,” Working Paper 5, “Wood-Based Biomass Energy,” Regional Commission in Charge of Forestry in Central Africa, April 2013, https://www.profor.info/sites/profor.info/files/Biomass%20Energy_Sectoral%20Report_Final%5Bweb%5D_may13_0.pdf.
Mark Jenkins, “Who Murdered the Virunga Gorillas?” National Geographic, July 2008, www.nationalgeographic.com.
Mark Jenkins, “Who Murdered the Virunga Gorillas?” National Geographic, July 2008, www.nationalgeographic.com.
Mark Jenkins, “Who Murdered the Virunga Gorillas?” National Geographic, July 2008, www.nationalgeographic.com.
Holly Dranginis, “Congo’s Charcoal Cartel,” Foreign Affairs, May 12, 2016, https://www.foreignaffairs.com.
Behrendt et al., “Deforestation Trends in the Congo Basin,” 1.
Sophie Lewisohn, “Virunga: Preserving Africa’s National Parks Through People-Centred Development,” Capacity4dev, European Union, April 3, 2018, https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/articles/virunga-preserving-africas-national-parks-through-people-centred-development. Amy Yee, “The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country,” New York Times, August 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com.
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 10, 2015, and November 6, 2019.
Michael J. Kavanagh (journalist) in discussion with the author, November 29, 2014.
Abe Streep, “The Belgian Prince Taking Bullets to Save the World’s Most Threatened Park,” Outside, November 5, 2014, https://www.outsideonline.com.
Abe Streep, “The Belgian Prince Taking Bullets to Save the World’s Most Threatened Park,” Outside, November 5, 2014, https://www.outsideonline.com.
Jeffrey Gettlemen, “Oil Dispute Takes a Page from Congo’s Bloody Past,” New York Times, November 15, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com.
George Schaller, The Year of the Gorilla (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 3.
George Schaller, The Year of the Gorilla (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 8.
Paul Raffaele, “Gorillas in Their Midst,” Smithsonian, October 2007, https://www.smithsonianmag.com.
Andrew J. Plumptre et al., “Conservation Action Plan for the Albertine Rift” (unpublished report for Wildlife Conservation Society and its partners, 2016), 5, 7.
“What I was hearing in the mid-90s and early 2000s while working for IGCP was that the conflict in the DRC was all about greed and people wanting to exploit the minerals. Others said it was all about grievances and the Rwandan conflict. Doing my PhD I came to the conclusion that both aspects are at play, but the causes of the conflict stem from grievances.” Michael Shellenberger, “Violence, the Virungas, and Gorillas: An Interview with Conservationist Helga Rainer,” Breakthrough Institute, November 20, 2014, https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/conservation/violence-the-virungas-and-gorillas.
Mark Dowie, Conservation Refugees: The Hundred-Year Conflict Between Global Conservation and Native Peoples (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009), xxi.
Mahesh Rangarajan and Ghazala Shahabuddin, “Displacement and Relocation from Protected Areas,” Conservation and Society 4, no. 3 (September 2006): 359, https://www.conservationandsociety.org.
Mark Dowie, Conservation Refugees: The Hundred-Year Conflict Between Global Conservation and Native Peoples.
Ibid., xxvi.
Sammy Zahran, Jeffrey G. Snodgrass, David G. Maranon et al., “Stress and Telomere Shortening Among Central Indian Conservation Refugees,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 9 (March 3, 2015): E928–E936, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411902112.
A. J. Plumptre, A. Kayitare, H. Rainer et al., “The Socio-economic Status of People Living near Protected Areas in the Central Albertine Rift,” Albertine Rift Technical Reports 4 (2004), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235945000_Socioeconomic_status_of_people_in_the_Central_Albertine_Rift, 28.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Plumptre et al., “The Socio-economic Status of People Living near Protected Areas in the Central Albertine Rift,” 98.
Michael Shellenberger, “Postcolonial Gorilla Conservation: An Interview with Ecologist Sarah Sawyer,” Breakthrough Institute, November 19, 2014, https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/conservation/postcolonial-gorilla-conservation.
Michael Shellenberger, “Postcolonial Gorilla Conservation: An Interview with Ecologist Sarah Sawyer,” Breakthrough Institute, November 19, 2014, https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/conservation/postcolonial-gorilla-conservation.
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, November 6, 2019.
“2019–2020 Gorilla Tracking Permit Availability Uganda/Rwanda,” Kisoro Tours Uganda, https://kisorotoursuganda.com/2019-2020-gorilla-tracking-permit-availability-uganda-rwanda. Uganda remains a relative bargain at just $600.
Michael Shellenberger, “Postcolonial Gorilla Conservation: An Interview with Ecologist Sarah Sawyer,” https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/conservation/violence-the-virungas-and-gorillas.
Plumptre et al., “The Socio-economic Status of People Living near Protected Areas in the Central Albertine Rift,” Albertine Rift Technical Reports 4 (2004): 116, https://albertinerift.wcs.org.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 10, 2015, and November 6, 2019.
Michael Shellenberger, “Violence, the Virungas, and Gorillas: An Interview with Conservationist Helga Rainer.”
Andrew Plumptre et al., “The Socio-economic Status of People Living near Protected Areas in the Central Albertine Rift,” 25.
Michael Shellenberger, “Postcolonial Gorilla Conservation: An Interview with Ecologist Sarah Sawyer.”
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 10, 2015.
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, November 6, 2019.
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, November 6, 2019.
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, November 6, 2019.
“Once accustomed to harvesting game with traditional weapons for their own community’s use, expelled natives often buy rifles, re-enter their former hunting grounds, and begin poaching larger numbers of the same game for the growing ‘bush meat,’ or the meat from wild animals, trade, which like almost everything else has gone global,” noted the environmental journalist. In Cameroon in 2003, “impoverished and embittered refugees invaded both reserves and plundered their natural resources.” Dowie, Conservation Refugees, xxvi – xxvii.
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 10, 2015.
Andrew Plumptre (senior scientist, Africa Program, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, November 6, 2019.
Shannon Sims, “After Violence, Congo’s Virunga National Park Closes for the Year,” New York Times, June 14, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com.
Jason Burke, “Ranger Killed Weeks After Reopening of Virunga National Park,” The Guardian, March 8, 2019, www.theguardian.com.
Mamy Bernadette Semutaga, interviewed by Caleb Kabanda, December 11, 2019.
Sunil Nautiyal and Harald Kaechele, “Fuel Switching from Wood to LPG Can Benefit the Environment,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 28, no. 8 (November 2008): 523–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2008.02.004.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Alastair McNeilage (primatologist, Wildlife Conservation Society) in discussion with the author, February 5, 2015.
Michael J. Kavanagh (journalist) in discussion with the author, November 29, 2014.
Amy Yee, “The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country,” New York Times, August 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com.
Amy Yee, “The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country,” New York Times, August 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com.
“History of Hoover,” Arizona Power Authority, accessed January 20, 2020, http://www.powerauthority.org/about-us/history-of-hoover
Elizabeth Paton, “Extinction Rebellion Takes Aim at Fashion,” New York Times, October 6, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
Olivia Petter, “Extinction Rebellion: ‘Why We’re Targeting London Fashion Week,” The Independent, September 12, 2019, https://www.independent.co.uk.
Elizabeth Paton, “Extinction Rebellion Takes Aim at Fashion,” New York Times, October 6, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
Elizabeth Paton, “Extinction Rebellion Takes Aim at Fashion,” New York Times, October 6, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.
XR Boycott Fashion, “On Friday 26th of July, we wrote to the British Fashion Council begging them to cancel London Fashion Week,” Facebook, August 4, 2019, https://www.facebook.com/XRBoycottFashion/posts/113234513352496?__tn__=K-R.
“Pulse of the Fashion Industry,” Global Fashion Agenda, Boston Consulting Group and Sustainable Apparel Coalition, 2019, accessed October 26, 2019, https://www.globalfashionagenda.com/pulse-2019-update.
Elizabeth Paton, “Extinction Rebellion Takes Aim at Fashion.”
Sarah Anne Hughes, “Greenpeace Protests Barbie at Mattel Headquarters,” «The Washington Post», June 8, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com.
Sarah Anne Hughes, “Greenpeace Protests Barbie at Mattel Headquarters,” «The Washington Post», June 8, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com.
Steven Greenhouse, “Nike Supports Women in Its Ads but Not Its Factories, Groups Say,” New York Times, October 26, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com.
Jeff Ballinger, “Nike, Sexual Harassment and the ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ Racket: How the Company Shut Down the New York Times,” Washington Babylon, November 9, 2017, https://washingtonbabylon.com.
Jeff Ballinger, “Nike, Sexual Harassment and the ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ Racket: How the Company Shut Down the New York Times,” Washington Babylon, November 9, 2017, https://washingtonbabylon.com.
“Statement on 2019 Copenhagen Fashion Summit,” Union of Concerned Researchers in Fashion, May 5, 2019, accessed October 26, 2019, http://www.concernedresearchers.org/ucrf-on-2019-copenhagen-fashion-summit. See also, “The changes we are seeing from some brands remain extremely superficial,” said one XR activist. Paton, “Extinction Rebellion Takes Aim at Fashion.”
Syarifah Nur Aida (journalist, Ipeh) in discussion with the author, June 8, 2015.
Suparti (factory worker) in discussion with the author, June 8–9, 2015.
Suparti (factory worker) in discussion with the author, June 8–9, 2015.
Xiaoping Liu, Guohua Hu, Yimin Chen et al., “High-Resolution Multitemporal Mapping of Global Urban Land Using Landsat Images Based on the Google Earth Engine Platform,” Remote Sensing of Environment 209 (May 2018): 227–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.055.
Christopher D. Elvidge, Benjamin T. Tuttle, Paul C. Sutton et al., “Global Distribution and Density of Constructed Impervious Surfaces,” Sensors 7, no. 9 (2007): 1962-79, https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fs7091962.
FAO finds reforestation in Europe, Asia, North America, and the Caribbean. Central America, South America, Africa, and Oceania are still deforesting. The global rate of deforestation has been cut by over half since 1990, from 7.3 million to 3.3 million hectares per year as reforestation accelerated. “Data,” FAO.
“Data,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. Russell Warman, “Global Wood Production from Natural Forests Has Peaked,” Biodiversity and Conservation 23, no. 5 (2014): 1063–78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0633-6.
FAO projects that the amount of arable land and permanent crop area will stay nearly flat through 2050, as detailed in its report on the subject. Nikos Alexandratos and Jelle Bruinsma, “World Agriculture Towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision,” ESA Working Paper no. 12-03, Agricultural Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, June 2012, http://www.fao.org/3/a-ap106e.pdf.
Per FAO, global per capita kilocalorie production was 2,196 in 1961 and 2,884 in 2013. Along with the global population increase from 3.1 billion to 7.2 billion between 1961 and 2013, global food production has tripled. The amount of global land used for agriculture increased from 4.5 billion to 4.8 billion hectares over the same period. “Data,” FAO.
Per FAO, global per capita kilocalorie production was 2,196 in 1961 and 2,884 in 2013. Along with the global population increase from 3.1 billion to 7.2 billion between 1961 and 2013, global food production has tripled. The amount of global land used for agriculture increased from 4.5 billion to 4.8 billion hectares over the same period. “Data,” FAO.
Per FAO, global per capita kilocalorie production was 2,196 in 1961 and 2,884 in 2013. Along with the global population increase from 3.1 billion to 7.2 billion between 1961 and 2013, global food production has tripled. The amount of global land used for agriculture increased from 4.5 billion to 4.8 billion hectares over the same period. “Data,” FAO.
Changes in Farm Production and Efficiency: A Summary Report, United States Department of Agriculture, Statistical Bulletin 233 (Washington, DC: USDA, 1959), 12–13.
A. Bala, “Nigeria,” Global Yield Gap and Water Productivity Atlas, http://www.yieldgap.org/en/web/guest/nigeria. Nikolai Beilharz, “New Zealand farmer sets new world record for wheat yield,” ABC News, April 3, 2017, https://www.abc.net.au. Matthew B. Espe, Haishun Yang, Kenneth G. Cassman et al., “Estimating Yield Potential in Temperate High-Yielding, Direct-Seeded US Rice Production Systems,” Field Crops Research 193 (July 2016): 123–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.04.003. Though average yields for some crops such as wheat have plateaued, there is still more room for them to increase. In 2017, a farmer in New Zealand produced an astonishing eight times as much wheat as the Australian average and five times as much as the global average.
FAO, The future of food and agriculture – Alternative pathways to 2050 (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018), 76–77.
Nathaniel D. Mueller, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston et al., “Closing Yield Gaps Through Nutrient and Water Management,” Nature 490 (2012): 254–57, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11420.
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Luis Lassaletta, Gilles Billen, Bruna Grizzetti et al., “50 Year Trends in Nitrogen Use Efficiency of World Cropping Systems: The Relationship between Yield and Nitrogen Input to Cropland,” Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 10 (October 2014), https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011.
“Changes in Erosion 1982–1997,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, January 4, 2001, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=nrcs143_013911. FAO data on crop yields show almost every major crop increasing in yield in the United States between 1982 and 1997. “Data,” FAO.
Suparti (factory worker) in discussion with the author, June 8–9, 2015.
James C. Riley, “Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800–2001,” Population and Development Review 31, no. 3 (2005), 537–543, accessed January 16, 2020, www.jstor.org/stable/3401478, “World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights,” United Nations, accessed January 14, 2020, https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html.
Max Roser, Hannah Ritchie, and Bernadeta Dadonaite, “Child and Infant Mortality,” Our World in Data, November 2019, https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality. The world series for 1800 to 1960 was calculated by the authors on the basis of the Gapminder estimates of child mortality and the Gapminder series on population by country. For each estimate in that period a population-weighted global average was calculated. The 2017 child mortality rate was taken from the 2019 update of World Bank data.
Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Penguin Publishing Group, 2019), 86–87.
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Max Roser, Hannah Ritchie, and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, “World Population Growth,” Our World In Data, May 2019, accessed January 16, 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth.
Max Roser, Hannah Ritchie, and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, “World Population Growth,” Our World In Data, May 2019, accessed January 16, 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth.